DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF RAJASTHAN
The drainage system in Rajasthan is divided into three major parts based on where the rivers discharge their waters:
- Rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea: These rivers contribute 17% of the drainage system. This includes rivers such as the Luni, which is one of the major rivers in Rajasthan that flows westward into the Arabian Sea.
- Inland Drainage System: This is the largest part of the drainage system in Rajasthan, accounting for 60%. Inland rivers do not flow into the sea. Instead, they flow into landlocked areas where the water either evaporates or percolates into the ground. The Sambhar Lake and other saline lakes are examples of inland drainage systems in Rajasthan, where rivers terminate without reaching an ocean.
- Rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal: These rivers contribute 23% of the drainage system. Rivers like Chambal and its tributaries, which originate from the northern region of the Vindhya Range, flow towards the Bay of Bengal.
The diagram below illustrates the different river systems and their discharge directions in Rajasthan. The Aravalli Range is marked as the dividing line between the rivers flowing west to the Arabian Sea and those flowing east to the Bay of Bengal. The central inland drainage system encompasses the rivers that terminate in the desert.
Significance of the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan’s Drainage System
The Aravalli Range plays a pivotal role in the hydrology of Rajasthan. It acts as a water divide, splitting the state into two parts:
- Western part: The rivers on this side, such as the Luni, tend to flow towards the Arabian Sea.
- Eastern part: Rivers like the Chambal flow eastward towards the Bay of Bengal.
Predominance of Inland Drainage in Rajasthan
A significant portion of Rajasthan’s rivers are part of the inland drainage system. This is largely due to the Thar Desert in western Rajasthan, which limits the outflow of water, leading to many rivers ending in saline lakes, such as the Sambhar Lake. Due to the arid conditions, most rivers have an ephemeral or seasonal nature, flowing only during the monsoon months.
Water Resources in Rajasthan
- Surface Water: Rajasthan has a limited amount of surface water compared to the national average. The surface water availability in Rajasthan is approximately 1.16% of India’s total.
- Groundwater: Groundwater is slightly more abundant in Rajasthan, making up 1.69% of India’s total groundwater resources. However, excessive use of groundwater for agriculture and other purposes has led to depleting water tables in many parts of the state.
In the diagram, the central portion highlights the inland drainage system, with rivers colored differently based on their destination. The rivers discharging into the Arabian Sea are depicted in the western part of Rajasthan, while those flowing toward the Bay of Bengal are shown in the eastern part, indicating their path beyond Rajasthan into neighboring states.
Key Rivers of Rajasthan
- Luni River: The Luni is the largest river in Rajasthan that flows towards the Arabian Sea. It is a seasonal river that runs across the western part of the state, with saline water during its downstream course.
- Chambal River: A major river system in Rajasthan, Chambal is part of the Bay of Bengal drainage system. It flows northeastward, cutting through the southeastern part of Rajasthan, and is known for the Chambal ravines and the National Chambal Sanctuary.
- Banas River: The Banas River, a tributary of the Chambal, originates from the Aravalli Range and is a crucial water source for irrigation in central and southeastern Rajasthan.
- Ghaggar River: Originating in the Shivalik Hills, the Ghaggar is a seasonal river that flows through northern Rajasthan, eventually losing itself in the desert sands, contributing to the inland drainage system.
Rajasthan’s drainage system is heavily influenced by its geography, particularly the Aravalli Range and the Thar Desert. While the state has a substantial inland drainage system, the limited availability of surface water poses challenges for irrigation and drinking water supply. The region relies heavily on groundwater, which is depleting due to over-extraction. Sustainable water management and conservation practices are essential for maintaining the ecological balance in this arid region.
RIVERS DRAINING INTO THE ARABIAN SEA
Several rivers from Rajasthan discharge into the Arabian Sea, the most notable ones being:
- Luni River
- Mahi River
- Western Banas River
- Sabarmati River
Among these, the Luni River is the most significant, especially in terms of its geographical extent and contribution to the region’s hydrology.
- The Luni River System
The Luni River, often referred to as the lifeline of the arid regions of Rajasthan, flows from the central part of the state towards the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, eventually draining into the Arabian Sea. Here’s a breakdown of its key characteristics:
- Origin: The Luni River originates in the Naag Hills located in the Ajmer district of Rajasthan.
- Discharge Point: The river eventually discharges into the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
- Total Length: The length of the river in Rajasthan is approximately 495 kilometers, making it the longest river in the western part of the state.
- Catchment Area: The catchment area of the Luni River includes several districts:
- Ajmer
- Pali
- Nagaur
- Barmer
- Jalore
- Jodhpur
These regions are primarily arid, and the Luni provides a vital water source for the local agricultural and domestic needs, although its water becomes increasingly saline as it flows westward.
- Tributaries of the Luni River: Several tributaries feed into the Luni River, many of which are seasonal and only flow during the monsoon months. Key tributaries include:
- Sukadi
- Bandi
- Khari
- Jojadi
- Jawai
- Sagi
- Meethadi
- Leeladi
- Guhiya
These tributaries contribute to the overall flow of the river, especially during the rainy season, before evaporating or being absorbed by the sandy terrain of the Thar Desert.
The provided diagram (shown above) highlights the flow of the Luni River across various districts of Rajasthan. The tributaries are marked, showing how they converge into the Luni, eventually reaching the Rann of Kutch. The regions marked in blue indicate the catchment areas that depend on the river for water.
Key Facts About the Luni River
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Origin | Naag Hills, Ajmer |
| Discharge Point | Rann of Kutch, Gujarat |
| Length | 495 km (within Rajasthan) |
| Catchment Areas | Ajmer, Pali, Nagaur, Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur |
| Major Tributaries | Sukadi, Bandi, Khari, Jojadi, Jawai, Sagi |
| Salinity | Increases downstream as it flows westward |
| Bandi River | Known as a chemical river |
| Jojadi River | Only tributary from the right bank |
Notes on Tributaries
|
Environmental and Hydrological Significance
The Luni River is crucial for the ecosystem of western Rajasthan. Despite its saline nature in the lower stretches, it provides an essential source of water in a region with an extremely limited water supply. Agriculture in this area depends on the monsoonal rainfall and the floodplains of the Luni, with crops like millets, mustard, and pulses being cultivated.
Industrial Pollution and the Bandi River
The Bandi River is called a chemical river due to the pollution caused by industries, primarily from the dyeing and printing sectors. Textile industries located near Pali and other parts of Rajasthan release untreated wastewater into the river, making the water highly contaminated. This has significant ecological consequences, affecting both the natural environment and the health of local communities.
Characteristics of the Luni River
(i) Other Names of Luni:
The Luni River is known by various names depending on the region and historical references:
- Sagarmati / Lawanmati
- Aadhi Mithi / Aadhi Khari (This translates to “Half Sweet – Half Brine River,” indicating the changing salinity of the river as it flows downstream.)
- Anteh Salila: A reference from the works of Kalidasa, meaning “river flowing underground” or “subterranean river.”
These alternate names highlight the historical and cultural significance of the Luni River across different regions and in ancient Indian literature.
(ii) Rail / Nada Region
- The drainage area of the Luni River in the Jalore district is locally referred to as Rail or Nada. This term is used in specific areas to define the land irrigated by the river and its tributaries in this region.
(iii) Balotara
- The Balotara region in the Barmer district forms an essential part of the Luni River’s catchment area. After this point, the water of the Luni River becomes increasingly saline due to its flow through the arid regions of the Thar Desert, which leads to the accumulation of salts in the river.
- The Luni River contributes 10.40% to the overall drainage system of Rajasthan, underscoring its significance despite the arid landscape.
(iv) Length of Luni River
- The Luni River is the longest river in the desert region of India, specifically in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Its length, approximately 495 kilometers, supports various districts and agricultural practices in this arid region, although its saline nature restricts its utility in downstream areas.
Key Dam Projects on the Luni River and its Tributaries
A series of dams have been constructed on the Luni River and its tributaries to support water conservation and supply to various regions:
(i) Jaswant Sagar / Pichiyak Dam (Jodhpur)
- Location: Jodhpur
- This dam primarily serves irrigation purposes in the region, providing water for agriculture in the otherwise dry and semi-arid land.
(ii) Bakali Dam (Jalore – Sukadi River)
- Location: Jalore
- This dam is built on the Sukadi River, a tributary of the Luni. It is crucial for local water storage and supplies irrigation needs in the Jalore district.
(iii) Hemavaas Dam (Pali – Bandi River)
- Location: Pali
- The Bandi River, another tributary of Luni, is controlled by the Hemavaas Dam. This dam helps manage the seasonal flow and is critical in regulating water availability during drought periods.
(iv) Jawai Dam (Pali – Sumerpur on Jawai River)
- Location: Sumerpur, Pali
- The Jawai Dam is a significant water project located in Sumerpur on the Jawai River, another important tributary of the Luni.
- This dam is often referred to as the “Amritsarovar of Marwar”, symbolizing its vital role in sustaining the Marwar region.
- The Jawai Dam supports water supply to several districts, including Pali, Jodhpur, Jalore, and Sirohi.
| Note: Sei Tunnel
When the water levels in the Jawai Dam drop significantly, water is supplied through the Sei Tunnel.
|
- Mahi River System
The Mahi River is one of the important rivers of Rajasthan and western India, with significant contributions to the hydrology and culture of the regions it passes through.
- Origin and Path: The Mahi River originates from the Mahend Lake in the Amreru Hills of the Vindhyachal Range. The river flows through a total length of 576 km, out of which 171 km is in Rajasthan. It eventually discharges into the Gulf of Khambhat, located in the state of Gujarat.
- Catchment Area: The Mahi River’s catchment area covers multiple districts in southern Rajasthan, with Banswara having the largest share. The districts included in the catchment area are:
- Banswara (largest portion)
- Dungarpur
- Pratapgarh
These regions are primarily known for their tribal populations and are supported by the water resources of the Mahi River for both agriculture and domestic use.
- Tributaries of the Mahi River: Several tributaries join the Mahi River, enhancing its flow, particularly during the monsoon season. The key tributaries are:
- Arav
- Annas
- Chaap
- Moren
- Som
- Jakham
Among these, the Som and Jakham Rivers are particularly significant. The Triveni Sangam at the Beneshwar Dham in Dungarpur marks the confluence of the Som, Jakham, and Mahi rivers, a spot of both hydrological and religious importance.
Flow of the Mahi River
The accompanying diagram in the image illustrates the flow of the Mahi River, beginning from its origin at Mahend Lake in the Amreru Hills (Vindhyachal Range) and flowing through various districts in Rajasthan before entering Gujarat. The Triveni Sangam at Beneshwar Dham in Dungarpur is also marked, which shows the confluence of the Mahi, Som, and Jakham rivers.
The river eventually flows out of Rajasthan through Khandu Village in Banswara and finally discharges into the Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat.
Characteristics of the Mahi River
(i) Other Names of Mahi River
The Mahi River is known by several names, reflecting its cultural and geographical importance in the regions it traverses. These names are:
- Ganga of Tribes: The river is often called the Ganga of Tribes due to its significance in the lives of the tribal communities living in the catchment areas, particularly in Banswara and Dungarpur.
- Kanthal Ganga: In certain regions, it is also referred to as the Kanthal Ganga, named after the Kanthal plateau, which lies within its basin.
- Vagad ki Ganga: The river is commonly referred to as Vagad ki Ganga in the Vagad region, which covers Banswara and Dungarpur.
- Swarn Rekha of Southern Rajasthan: In southern Rajasthan, the Mahi River is often compared to the Swarn Rekha due to its lifeline role for the agriculture and livelihoods in this otherwise dry region.
(ii) Triveni Sangam
The Triveni Sangam of the Mahi River is located at Beneshwar Dham (also known as Nawatapra or Nawatpura), where the Mahi, Som, and Jakham Rivers meet. This confluence point is of great religious significance, and the location is regarded as the “Kumbh of Tribes.”
- A fair is organized on the banks of this river confluence, attracting tribal communities from across the region. The most prominent tribe that visits this fair is the Bhil Tribe, one of the largest indigenous communities in Rajasthan.
- The Bhil are known for their rich cultural heritage, and their participation in this fair highlights the deep-rooted connection between the local population and the river system.
(iii) Sujalam-Suphalaam Project
The Sujalam-Suphalaam project is a significant cleaning initiative for the Mahi River. This project emphasizes the importance of maintaining the river’s ecological health and ensuring a clean water supply for the regions it serves.
- In addition to cleaning, the Sujalam Project also involves drinking water initiatives. A similar project, powered by the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), is operational in the Barmer District, where it aims to provide potable water to the arid region of Rajasthan. This showcases the state’s efforts to manage its scarce water resources sustainably.
(iv) Unique Characteristics of the Mahi River
The Mahi River holds a special geographical distinction:
- It is the only river in the world that crosses the Tropic of Cancer twice. This unique feature places the Mahi River among the few rivers with such a significant latitudinal journey, crossing the 23.5° N latitude at two different points during its course.
Crossing of the Tropic of Cancer
The diagram provided shows the meandering flow of the Mahi River, demonstrating how it crosses the Tropic of Cancer twice, a geographical rarity shared only by a few rivers like the Limpopo and Congo/Zaire in Africa, which cross the Tropic of Capricorn or the Equator.
This is an exceptional geographical feature shared by only a few rivers globally.
- First Crossing: The river crosses the Tropic of Cancer as it enters Rajasthan from the south.
- Second Crossing: After flowing through Banswara and Dungarpur, the river re-crosses the Tropic of Cancer on its way into Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Khambhat.
This feature is significant both hydrologically and geographically, making the Mahi River unique.
(v) Flow Path of the Mahi River
The Mahi River is unique not only in its geographical crossings but also in its flow pattern through Rajasthan. It:
- Enters Rajasthan from the south, making its way through the districts of Banswara, Dungarpur, and Pratapgarh.
- The river flows westward before turning towards Gujarat, where it discharges into the Gulf of Khambhat.
This westward movement of the river is unusual as most rivers originating in southern India flow towards the east or west coasts directly.
(vi) Major Dam Projects on the Mahi River
A number of dam projects have been developed on the Mahi River and its tributaries. These dams play a critical role in regulating water flow, supporting irrigation, and managing floods in the region:
- Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam (Banswara): Located in Borkheda in the Banswara District, this is the longest dam in Rajasthan, with a total length of 3109 meters.
It is the largest dam project in tribal areas of Rajasthan and is a major irrigation and water conservation project.
- Kagdi Pickup Dam (Dungarpur): This dam serves the Dungarpur District and is important for both water storage and local irrigation.
- Kadana Dam (Gujarat): Located downstream in Gujarat, this dam plays a key role in the Mahi River system as it crosses the border into Gujarat.
- Som-Kagdar Project (Udaipur): Built on the Som River, a tributary of the Mahi, this project provides water storage and regulates water availability during the monsoon.
- Som Kamla-Amba Dam (Dungarpur): Another important dam in Dungarpur, contributing to the water needs of the region by managing the flow of the Som River, a tributary of the Mahi.
- Jakham Dam (Pratapgarh): This dam is built on the Jakham River, another significant tributary of the Mahi, and provides irrigation support to the Pratapgarh District.
Key Significance of the Mahi River
- Religious Importance: The Triveni Sangam at Beneshwar Dham is a notable religious site for the local tribal communities. This confluence point of the Mahi, Som, and Jakham rivers is considered sacred and is the site of the Beneshwar Fair, which attracts thousands of pilgrims annually.
- Hydrological Importance: The Mahi River, along with its tributaries, plays a crucial role in irrigation in the relatively arid parts of southern Rajasthan. The river waters are utilized for growing crops such as wheat, maize, and pulses, making it vital for agricultural sustainability in this tribal-dominated area.
- Dams and Water Management: Several dams have been built on the Mahi River and its tributaries to regulate water flow and provide irrigation support. These dams are critical for flood control during the monsoons and also for maintaining water levels in the dry months.
Key Facts About the Mahi River
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Origin | Mahend Lake (Amreru Hills, Vindhyachal) |
| Discharge Point | Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat |
| Length | 576 km (171 km in Rajasthan) |
| Catchment Areas | Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh |
| Major Tributaries | Arav, Annas, Chaap, Moren, Som, Jakham |
| Religious Significance | Triveni Sangam at Beneshwar Dham, Dungarpur |
| Other Names | Ganga of Tribes, Vagad ki Ganga, Kanthal Ganga, Swarn Rekha River |
Major Dams on the Mahi River and Tributaries
| Dam Name | Location | River | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam | Borkheda, Banswara | Mahi | Irrigation, Water Storage |
| Kagdi Pickup Dam | Dungarpur | Mahi | Irrigation, Water Storage |
| Kadana Dam | Gujarat | Mahi | Water Management, Irrigation |
| Som-Kagdar Project | Udaipur | Som | Water Management, Irrigation |
| Som Kamla-Amba Dam | Dungarpur | Som | Water Storage, Irrigation |
| Jakham Dam | Pratapgarh | Jakham | Irrigation, Water Storage |
- West Banas River
The West Banas River is a crucial river flowing in the Sirohi District of Rajasthan. It serves several regions and merges into Little Kutch in Gujarat.
Key Features:
- Origin: The West Banas River originates from New Sanwara in Sirohi District of Rajasthan, a hilly area that feeds several rivers.
- Confluence: The river flows southwards, eventually merging into the Little Kutch region in Gujarat. This final confluence helps distribute water to both Rajasthan and Gujarat.
- Catchment Area: The catchment area of the West Banas River predominantly covers Sirohi District, a region that heavily relies on this river for its water supply, especially for irrigation and drinking water.
- Tributaries: Several smaller tributaries join the West Banas River, enhancing its flow, especially during the monsoon season:
- Kukri
- Sukli
- Sipu
These tributaries play an essential role in maintaining the water levels of the West Banas, ensuring year-round availability of water for agriculture and local use.
- Important Cities:
- The city of Abu (located in Sirohi District) is situated on the banks of the West Banas River. Mount Abu, a popular hill station in Rajasthan, also benefits from the river’s resources.
- Disa, a city in Gujarat, is also located along the riverbank, showing the importance of the river in connecting the two states of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Flow of West Banas River
The map provided in the image illustrates the flow of the West Banas River, which originates in New Sanwara in Sirohi District, and moves southward toward Little Kutch in Gujarat. The map visually shows how the river traverses the landscape, highlighting its critical role in the hydrology of the region.
Key Facts About the West Banas River
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Origin | New Sanwara, Sirohi |
| Confluence | Little Kutch, Gujarat |
| Catchment Area | Sirohi District |
| Major Tributaries | Kukri, Sukli, Sipu |
| Cities on River | Abu (Sirohi), Disa (Gujarat) |
- Sabarmati River
Sabarmati River
The Sabarmati River is one of the major rivers in western India, flowing through both Rajasthan and Gujarat. While most of its course is in Gujarat, a portion of the river originates in Rajasthan.
Key Features of the Sabarmati River:
- Origin: The Sabarmati River originates from the Padaruna Hills in the Udaipur District of Rajasthan. This region is part of the Aravalli Range, which serves as the source for several important rivers in Rajasthan.
- Confluence: The Sabarmati River flows southwards and empties into the Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat. It passes through major cities like Ahmedabad, which rely heavily on the river for water supply.
- Length: The total length of the Sabarmati River is 416 kilometers, but only 45 kilometers of the river lies within Rajasthan. The remaining stretch of the river flows through Gujarat.
- Catchment Area: The catchment area of the Sabarmati River lies primarily in Udaipur District, though the river also impacts other regions in Gujarat.
- Tributaries: The Sabarmati River has several important tributaries, including:
- Wetak
- Sei
- Hathmati
- Meshwa
- Mansi-Wakal
- Majam
These tributaries contribute to the river’s flow, particularly during the monsoon season.
Water Tunnels of the Sabarmati River
Two key water tunnels have been constructed to manage the flow of water from the Sabarmati River and its tributaries. These tunnels serve important roles in water supply, irrigation, and supporting infrastructure projects.
- Sei Water Tunnel:
- Location: The Sei Water Tunnel connects Udaipur to Pali.
- Purpose: It supplies water into the Jawai Dam.
The Sei Water Tunnel is significant because it is the first water tunnel constructed in Rajasthan. It plays a key role in managing water resources in the region, especially during times of drought or water scarcity.
- Mansi-Wakal Water Tunnel:
- Location: The Mansi-Wakal Water Tunnel also originates from Udaipur and extends to support the Dewas Project and the Mohanlal Sukhadiya Project.
- Purpose: This tunnel supplies water to major infrastructure projects such as the Dewas Project, which is critical for irrigation and water distribution.
The Mansi-Wakal Water Tunnel is the longest water tunnel in Rajasthan, showcasing its importance in ensuring the efficient distribution of water resources to various parts of the state.
The map provided shows the flow of the Sabarmati River, from its origin in the Padaruna Hills (Udaipur District) down to the Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat. Key locations like Ahmedabad and the Gandhinagar area, which rely on the Sabarmati for their water supply, are also marked on the map.
Comparison of Sei Water Tunnel and Mansi-Wakal Water Tunnel
| Water Tunnel | Key Features |
|---|---|
| Sei Water Tunnel | – First water tunnel in Rajasthan
– Supplies water into the Jawai Dam – Connects Udaipur and Pali |
| Mansi-Wakal Water Tunnel | – Longest water tunnel in Rajasthan
– Supplies water to Dewas Project and Mohanlal Sukhadiya Project |
INLAND DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- Ghaggar River
The Ghaggar River is a prominent part of the inland drainage system of northwestern India. Unlike rivers that discharge into seas or oceans, inland drainage systems typically end in local depressions or saline lakes, where the water evaporates or percolates into the ground without reaching the sea.
Key Features of the Ghaggar River:
- Origin: The Ghaggar River originates from the Kalka Hills in Himachal Pradesh. This range is part of the lower Shivalik Hills, where several seasonal rivers have their origins.
- Catchment Area: The Ghaggar River‘s catchment area extends across parts of Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts in Rajasthan. These regions rely on the seasonal waters of the Ghaggar, though the river’s flow can be inconsistent.
Historically, the Ghaggar is believed to have played a significant role in supporting early civilization settlements in this region. Some researchers suggest that the river might be connected to the ancient Saraswati River, which once flowed in northwestern India.
Characteristics of the Ghaggar River
- Other Names: The Ghaggar River is known by various names due to its historical significance and changing characteristics:
- Saraswati (Ancient Name): The Ghaggar-Hakra river system is often linked to the ancient Saraswati River, which is believed to have supported the Indus Valley Civilization. Ancient Indian texts like the Rigveda mention the Saraswati River, and many historians believe that the Ghaggar River might be its remnant.
- Dead River: The Ghaggar is often referred to as a dead river because its flow becomes highly irregular, especially in modern times, where it only carries water during the monsoon season. For most of the year, it remains dry.
- Drishadvati River: This name is derived from ancient Indian texts and refers to the historical river believed to have flown parallel to the Saraswati.
- Natt River / Sota River: These are local names for tributaries or small streams associated with the Ghaggar. In local folklore and historical accounts, the river has been referred to by these names.
Hydrological Significance of the Ghaggar River
- The Ghaggar River does not drain into the sea; instead, it disappears into the Thar Desert, losing its flow and dissipating in the sands. It is also notable for forming part of the Saraswati-Drishadvati system, often cited in Vedic literature.
- While today it is largely a seasonal river, its historical importance cannot be overstated. The river likely had a much stronger flow in ancient times, which may have supported one of the earliest known human civilizations in the Indian subcontinent.
The map you’ve provided illustrates the flow of the Ghaggar River as it enters Rajasthan from the Kalka Hills in Himachal Pradesh and travels through Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts.
Explanation of the Map:
The map shows the course of the Ghaggar River, with notable points including:
- Origin in the Kalka Hills.
- Entry into Rajasthan near Talwada Village in Hanumangarh.
- Flow past Kali Bunga, an important archaeological site linked to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
- Termination in the Talwada Lake, a significant inland drainage point for the river.
Ghaggar River Flow and Key Locations
- Origin: The Ghaggar River originates from the Kalka Hills in Himachal Pradesh. This point marks the river’s entry into the plains from the lower Shivalik Hills.
- Entry into Rajasthan: The river enters Rajasthan near the Talwada Village in the Tibbi region of Hanumangarh District.
This area is known for its agricultural activities, heavily reliant on the waters of the Ghaggar, especially during the monsoon season.
- Key Locations: The river passes through significant areas such as Kali Bunga, which is also associated with archaeological findings related to the Indus Valley Civilization.
It flows towards the Talwada Lake, where much of the water either seeps into the ground or evaporates in the arid climate, typical of the inland drainage system.
- Flow Beyond Rajasthan: After passing through Rajasthan, the Ghaggar moves towards Fot Abbas in Pakistan, where it becomes a dry riverbed for most of the year.
The Ghaggar does not reach the sea, thus making it part of the inland drainage system.
Importance of the Ghaggar River in the Region:
- Agriculture: The Ghaggar is vital for agriculture in Hanumangarh and Sri Ganganagar, providing seasonal water during the monsoon.
- Historical Significance: The Ghaggar River is believed to be the remnant of the ancient Saraswati River, which supported the Indus Valley Civilization. The presence of archaeological sites like Kali Bunga along the river’s path further strengthens this theory.
Catchment Area of Ghaggar River
The Ghaggar River is part of the inland drainage system and its catchment area spreads across both India and Pakistan, flowing through Hanumangarh in Rajasthan before dissipating into the Hakra region in Pakistan. Key characteristics of the Ghaggar River catchment area are as follows:
Key Features of the Ghaggar River Catchment:
- Nali / Pat (Hanumangarh, Rajasthan):
- Nali is the local name for a breed of sheep found along the banks of the Ghaggar River. These sheep are well-adapted to the semi-arid conditions of the region.
- Nali Pat refers to the location in Hanumangarh through which the Ghaggar flows.
- Hakra (Pakistan):
- The river’s flow extends into the Hakra region in Pakistan, where it eventually dries up. The Fort Abbas in Pakistan marks the last point of the Ghaggar River’s course.
- This dry riverbed in Pakistan is considered part of the ancient Hakra-Ghaggar system, thought to be the remnant of the lost Saraswati River.
- Unique Characteristics:
- The Ghaggar River is the longest inland drainage river in India, meaning it does not discharge into any sea but instead vanishes in the desert sands.
- The Ghaggar is the only river in Rajasthan that originates in the Himalayas, flowing from the Kalka Hills in Himachal Pradesh.
- Historically, Shree Ram Wadre and Hanuvanta Wadre were tasked with tracing the ancient course of the Ghaggar River. These figures might be associated with traditional efforts to map the river’s historical course, especially in relation to the Saraswati legend.
Key Facts About the Ghaggar River
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Origin | Kalka Hills, Himachal Pradesh |
| Catchment Areas | Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh |
| Other Names | Saraswati (Ancient), Dead River, Drishadvati |
| Local Tributaries | Natt River, Sota River |
| Hydrological Character | Inland Drainage, Seasonal River |
- Katli River
The Katli River is another significant part of the inland drainage system in Rajasthan. It flows through the regions of Sikar and Jhunjhunu and holds historical and hydrological importance for the area.
Key Features of the Katli River:
- Origin: The Katli River originates in the Khandela Hills located in Sikar District of Rajasthan.
- Catchment Area: The river flows through the Sikar and Jhunjhunu districts, serving as a critical water source for these regions. The river and its catchment area play a vital role in the agricultural activities of this semi-arid zone.
- Torawati Region: The catchment area of the Katli River is known as Torawati, which extends across Sikar and Jhunjhunu. This region is important not just for its hydrological value but also for its historical significance.
- Associated Civilizations:
- Sunari Civilization (Khetri): Located near the Katli River, the Sunari Civilization is an archaeological site in Khetri, Jhunjhunu. This site is part of the broader Indus Valley Civilization area, showing the historical significance of the river’s course.
- Ganeshwar Civilization (Neem Ka Thana): Another important site located in the catchment area of the Katli River is the Ganeshwar Civilization near Neem Ka Thana. Ganeshwar is an ancient site known for its copper artifacts, providing insight into the early metallurgical practices in the region.
The map shows the Katli River originating from the Khandela Hills in Sikar District, with its catchment area marked as Torawati. The river flows through Sikar and Jhunjhunu, and the map highlights important nearby historical sites, including the Sunari Civilization in Khetri and the Ganeshwar Civilization in Neem Ka Thana.
Key Facts About Ghaggar and Katli Rivers
| Feature | Ghaggar River | Katli River |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Kalka Hills, Himachal Pradesh | Khandela Hills, Sikar |
| Catchment Areas | Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Pakistan (Hakra) | Sikar, Jhunjhunu |
| Unique Features | Longest inland drainage river in India | Catchment area known as Torawati |
| Historical Importance | Linked to the Saraswati River, Indus Valley Civilizations | Sunari Civilization, Ganeshwar Civilization |
| Local Significance | Nali breed of sheep, important seasonal water source | Provides water for agriculture in Sikar, Jhunjhunu |
- Sabi River
The Sabi River is a notable part of the drainage system in Rajasthan, flowing across state borders into Haryana.
Key Features of the Sabi River:
- Origin: The Sabi River originates in the Sewar Hills located in the Jaipur District of Rajasthan.
- Catchment Area: The Sabi River primarily flows through the districts of Jaipur and Alwar in Rajasthan.
- Cross-Border Flow:
- The Sabi River is the only river from Rajasthan that flows into the Gurgaon plains of Haryana. This characteristic makes it geographically significant as it extends beyond Rajasthan into Haryana, contributing to the water system of the region.
- The river is also historically connected with the Jodhpura Civilization, an ancient archaeological site that marks the early settlement areas in the region.
The map in the image illustrates the flow of the Sabi River from its origin in Sewar Hills (Jaipur), flowing through Jaipur and Alwar, and finally entering the Gurgaon Plain in Haryana. The arrow indicating this route highlights the river’s path into the neighboring state.
- Banganga River
The Banganga River is another important inland river flowing in Rajasthan, with significant cultural and historical relevance.
Key Features of the Banganga River:
- Origin: The Banganga River originates from the Bairath Hills, located in the Jaipur District of Rajasthan. The Bairath region is known for its historical significance, including ancient Buddhist and Jain sites.
- Catchment Area: The river flows through the districts of Jaipur, Dausa, and Bharatpur. This catchment area is significant for the agriculture and water supply of these regions.
- Other Names: The Banganga River is also known by several other names:
- Ganga of Arjun: This name likely refers to the river’s cultural and religious importance in the region, linking it to stories from Indian epics.
- Tala River: Another local name for the river.
- Beheaded River: The Banganga River is sometimes referred to as a beheaded river. A beheaded river is a tributary that ends abruptly before joining a main river, losing its course due to geological changes or human interventions.
The Banganga was listed as part of the inland river systems in 2012, highlighting its importance within the network of non-perennial rivers that flow seasonally in Rajasthan.
The map illustrates the flow of the Banganga River, originating from the Bairath Hills in Jaipur, with its catchment area spreading across Jaipur, Dausa, and Bharatpur. The nearby historical sites, including Jodhpura Civilization, are also significant, indicating early settlements and the historical utilization of this river system.
Key Facts About the Sabi and Banganga Rivers
| Feature | Sabi River | Banganga River |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Sewar Hill, Jaipur | Bairath Hill, Jaipur |
| Catchment Areas | Jaipur, Alwar | Jaipur, Dausa, Bharatpur |
| Flow Characteristics | Only river from Rajasthan flowing into Haryana | Inland river system |
| Other Names | – | Ganga of Arjun, Tala River |
| Special Characteristics | Flows into Gurgaon plains (Haryana) | Beheaded River |
| Cultural Significance | Linked with Jodhpura Civilization | Historical and cultural connections to epics |
Other Inland Rivers in Rajasthan
Sambhar Lake and its Inland Drainage System
Sambhar Lake is one of Rajasthan’s most important saline lakes and represents a classic example of a centripetal drainage system—where multiple rivers converge towards a central point (the lake) rather than flowing out to the sea.
Key Features of the Sambhar Lake Drainage System:
- Location: The Sambhar Lake extends across the Jaipur, Nagaur, and Ajmer districts of Rajasthan, covering a large area. The lake is approximately 36 km in length, making it the largest inland saltwater lake in India.
- Inland Drainage: The inland drainage system of Rajasthan is characterized by rivers that do not reach the sea but instead end up in landlocked lakes such as Sambhar. These rivers either evaporate or percolate into the ground due to the arid conditions.
- Centripetal River Pattern: The drainage pattern of Sambhar Lake is centripetal, meaning rivers like the Khari, Khandel, Mentha/Menda, and Rupangarh flow towards the lake, creating a basin where water accumulates.
- Salt Collection: The Mentha (Menda) River is the most salt-bringing river for the Sambhar Lake. The high salt concentration in the lake supports salt extraction activities, making Sambhar one of the most productive salt regions in India.
Additional Inland Rivers in Rajasthan
- Mentha (Menda) River: Originating from the Manoharpur Hills (near Jaipur), the Mentha River plays a key role in transporting salt to the Sambhar Lake. It is known for carrying saline water, contributing to the lake’s high salinity levels.
- Khari River: The Khari River, originating in the Nagaur District, is another important tributary flowing into the Sambhar Lake. It is part of the inland drainage system, contributing freshwater and helping maintain the lake’s seasonal water levels.
- Khandel River: The Khandel River flows through the Sikar District and eventually joins the Sambhar Lake, playing a part in the lake’s drainage network.
- Rupangarh River: The Rupangarh River is another contributor to Sambhar Lake from the Ajmer side, emphasizing the lake’s importance as a central hub for various water flows in Rajasthan’s arid environment.
The arrows illustrate the centripetal drainage pattern, where all rivers converge into Sambhar Lake rather than flowing out to the sea.
Key Features of Inland Rivers in Rajasthan
| Feature | Bujh Lake (Jaisalmer) | Sambhar Lake and its Drainage System |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Jaisalmer | Jaipur, Nagaur, Ajmer, Sikar |
| Origin of Water Source | Kakani (Masurdi) River | Rivers: Khari, Mentha, Khandel, Rupangarh |
| Significance | Freshwater resource in desert | Largest inland saltwater lake in India |
| Special Characteristics | Vital for agriculture and drinking | Centripetal drainage pattern, important for salt production |
DAM PROJECTS IN RAJASTHAN
Two significant dam projects, Ramgarh Dam (Jaipur) and Ajan Dam (Bharatpur)—play crucial roles in water storage, irrigation, and ecological preservation in Rajasthan.
Ajan Dam (Bharatpur)
- Location: The Ajan Dam is located in the Bharatpur District of Rajasthan. It is strategically important for water conservation and plays a significant role in the surrounding ecosystem.
- Connection with Keoladeo National Park:
- Keoladeo National Park, also known as Keoladeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site famous for its rich biodiversity, especially migratory bird species. The Ajan Dam provides crucial water to the park, maintaining the wetland ecosystem that supports numerous bird species during the winter season.
- Keoladeo National Park depends heavily on water from the Ajan Dam to maintain its habitats, particularly during the migratory bird season when water levels need to be adequate to support wildlife.
- Alternative Water Sources: During periods of water scarcity, when the water level in the Ajan Dam decreases, additional water is supplied to Bharatpur from two key sources:
- Panchna Dam (located in Karauli District).
- Gambhir River, which flows through Karauli and connects to Bharatpur.
Ramgarh Dam (Jaipur)
- Location: The Ramgarh Dam is situated in Jaipur District. This dam was historically a vital source of drinking water for Jaipur and also supported agriculture in the region. Though currently dry, the dam is a significant water conservation structure.
- Cultural and Historical Significance: The Ramgarh Dam was once an essential water source for the growing urban population of Jaipur. Its importance in the past highlights the efforts toward water conservation and management in the region.
Water Supply Challenges and Management
The water management system of Bharatpur and Jaipur is highly dependent on these dams and rivers, especially due to the region’s semi-arid climate. Both the Gambhir River and Panchna Dam are important backup water sources when water levels in the Ajan Dam fall below required levels.
- Gambhir River: Originating in the Karauli District, the Gambhir River is a seasonal river that plays a critical role in filling the Ajan Dam and supporting the water needs of Bharatpur during dry periods.
- Panchna Dam: Located on the Gambhir River in Karauli, this dam supports both irrigation and drinking water supplies and is used to divert water to Bharatpur and Ajan Dam when necessary.
The map in the image shows the origin of these water systems and their interconnectedness:
- Ramgarh Dam (Jaipur): Shown in the Jaipur District, near the Bairath Hills.
- Ajan Dam (Bharatpur): Depicted as part of the Bharatpur District water management system, connected to the Keoladeo National Park.
- Panchna Dam (Karauli) and Gambhir River are highlighted, showing their role in supplementing water supply during shortages.
Key Facts About Dam Projects and Water Sources
| Dam Name | Location | Purpose | Supplementary Water Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ajan Dam | Bharatpur | Water supply to Keoladeo Park | Panchna Dam, Gambhir River |
| Ramgarh Dam | Jaipur | Water conservation (historically) | – |
| Panchna Dam | Karauli | Irrigation, Water supply | Gambhir River |
| Gambhir River | Karauli | Seasonal river, water supply | Contributes to Ajan Dam |
Ruparail River / Varahi River
The Ruparail River, also known as the Varahi River, is part of the hydrological system in Rajasthan and contributes significantly to the water resources of the Alwar and Bharatpur regions.
Key Features of the Ruparail River:
- Origin: The Ruparail River originates from the Udaynath Hill in the Alwar District of Rajasthan. This area is part of the lower Aravalli Range, which contributes to the seasonal flow of rivers in Rajasthan.
- Catchment Area: The catchment area of the Ruparail River includes parts of Alwar and Bharatpur districts, both of which rely on the river for water supply, especially during the monsoon season.
- Historical Significance: The Ruparail River flows near important historical sites such as the Lohagarh Fort in Bharatpur, which was a key defensive stronghold during various historical periods in Rajasthan.
The map in the image illustrates the flow of the Ruparail River from its origin at Udaynath Hill (Alwar) and its connection to Moti Lake and Lohagarh Fort. The map also highlights the importance of Sujan Ganga as a channel connecting Moti Lake to Lohagarh, emphasizing the historical and hydrological significance of these water systems in the Bharatpur region.
Moti Lake
The Moti Lake is a significant water body in the Bharatpur District and is considered a lifeline for the region.
Key Features of Moti Lake:
- Location: Moti Lake is located in Bharatpur and is a sweet water lake, which makes it highly valuable in an otherwise semi-arid region. The lake supports the agricultural and drinking water needs of the local population.
- Lifeline of Bharatpur: Due to its role in providing water for both domestic and agricultural use, Moti Lake is often referred to as the lifeline of Bharatpur District. It is crucial for maintaining the ecological balance in the region, particularly for nearby settlements and agriculture.
Sujan Ganga
The Sujan Ganga is an important water channel that connects Moti Lake to other water systems in the region.
Key Features of Sujan Ganga:
- Connection to Lohagarh Fort: Sujan Ganga acts as a link or channel that connects Moti Lake to Lohagarh Fort in Bharatpur. This connection not only enhances water availability for the fort but also highlights the historical significance of water management in this region.
- Historical Engineering: The Sujan Ganga was likely part of an advanced water management system used during the rule of the Jats in Bharatpur. This system ensured that important fortifications like Lohagarh Fort had access to reliable water sources.
Kakani River (Also Known as Masurdi River)
The Kakani River, also called the Masurdi River, is an important river in the Jaisalmer region.
Key Features of the Kakani River:
- Origin: The Kakani River originates in Kotari Village, located in Jaisalmer District, a region known for its desert landscape and limited water resources.
- Bujh Lake: Bujh Lake is a sweet water lake that forms along the Kakani River. The presence of this freshwater lake is particularly important in the Thar Desert region, where water scarcity is a major issue. The lake serves as a critical water source for local populations and supports agriculture in nearby areas.
The map further depicts the location of the Kakani River (Masurdi River) and its role in forming Bujh Lake in Jaisalmer, showing the interconnectedness of these water systems in Rajasthan.
Bujh Lake (Jaisalmer)
The Bujh Lake is an important sweet water lake located in the Jaisalmer District of Rajasthan. Given the desert landscape of Jaisalmer, water resources such as this lake are crucial for sustaining local communities and agricultural activities.
Key Features of Bujh Lake:
- Formation: Bujh Lake is formed by the Kakani River (also known as the Masurdi River), which originates from Kotari Village in Jaisalmer. The river provides essential freshwater for the lake, helping sustain life in this arid region.
- Significance: The lake plays a pivotal role in water storage for both agricultural and drinking purposes. Given that Jaisalmer lies within the Thar Desert, Bujh Lake serves as a critical water source for the local population, helping combat water scarcity.
Key Features of Rivers and Water Bodies
| Feature | Ruparail River | Moti Lake | Sujan Ganga | Kakani River (Masurdi River) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Udaynath Hill, Alwar | – | – | Kotari Village, Jaisalmer |
| Catchment Areas | Alwar, Bharatpur | Bharatpur | – | Jaisalmer |
| Other Names | Varahi River | Lifeline of Bharatpur District | Water link to Lohagarh Fort | Masurdi River |
| Historical Significance | Flows near Lohagarh Fort | Supports agriculture and water supply | Connects Moti Lake to Lohagarh Fort | Forms Bujh Lake, vital for desert regions |
BAY OF BENGAL RIVERS IN RAJASTHAN
Rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal in Rajasthan belong to the eastern drainage system and include significant rivers such as the Chambal, Banas, Gambhiri, and Gambhir. These rivers eventually join larger river systems like the Yamuna before flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
- Chambal River
The Chambal River is one of the most significant rivers flowing through Rajasthan, known for its deep gorges and large tributary system. It has deep historical, cultural, and geographical significance, and plays a crucial role in the water management system of the region.
Key Characteristics of the Chambal River:
- Origin: The Chambal River originates from the Janapav Hills in the Vindhya Mountain Range near Indore in Madhya Pradesh. From here, the river flows northeast, entering Rajasthan at Chaurasigarh in the Chittorgarh District, before continuing eastward to join the Yamuna River in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh.
- Discharge Point: The river flows eastward and joins the Yamuna River at Etawah in Uttar Pradesh. The Chambal is a key tributary of the Yamuna River, contributing to the overall flow of the Ganga River Basin.
- Catchment Area: The Chambal River’s catchment area includes the districts of Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi, Karoli, Bharatpur, and Sawai Madhopur in Rajasthan.
- Length: The total length of the Chambal River is 1,051 km, with 322 km of its course flowing through Rajasthan. In the past, the river’s total length was recorded as 966 km, of which 135 km passed through Rajasthan, indicating the changing measurement methodologies or updated geographic data. It is the longest river in Rajasthan and also making it the longest river flowing along the inter-state boundary. It continues to flow into Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh before joining the Yamuna River.
- Tributaries: The Chambal River has several significant tributaries, including:
- Gunjali, Majj, Mangli, Parvati, Newaj, Aahu, Kalisindh, Ghoda-Pachaad, Parvan, Brahmani, Banaas, Chakan, Kunu, Kuraal, and Seep.
- Alternative Names: The Chambal River is also known by several traditional names, reflecting its historical and cultural importance:
- Charmannvati River: An ancient name for the Chambal, used in historical and mythological references.
- Kamdhenu: Symbolizing its nurturing and life-giving qualities, much like the mythical cow, Kamdhenu.
- Barahmasi: This term is used to indicate the river’s perennial flow, meaning that it flows throughout the year, unlike many other seasonal rivers in Rajasthan.
- Entry into Rajasthan: The Chambal River enters Rajasthan through the Chittorgarh District, specifically at Chaurasigarh, before continuing its journey through districts such as Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karoli, and Bharatpur.
| Samela: The confluence of two important tributaries, the Ahu and Kali Sindh, is known as Samela. The Gagron Fort is located along the banks of these rivers at Samela, giving it historical significance as well as hydrological importance.
Banas: The Banas River is the longest tributary of the Chambal River. It flows through southeastern Rajasthan, providing essential water to the regions it passes. Kali Sindh: The Kali Sindh River is the longest right-side tributary of the Chambal. It originates in Madhya Pradesh and flows through Rajasthan, merging with the Chambal at Samela. |
| Triveni Sangam at Rameshwaram Ghat
The Triveni Sangam refers to the confluence of three rivers, which holds great cultural and religious significance in Hinduism. The confluence at Rameshwaram Ghat in Padra, located in the Sawai Madhopur District of Rajasthan, is one such important location. Rivers Involved in the Confluence:
Cultural and Religious Importance:
|
The map in the image provides a visual representation of the flow of the Chambal River, showing:
- Origin at the Janapav Hills in Madhya Pradesh.
- Entry point into Rajasthan at Chaurasigarh (Chittorgarh District).
- The Chambal’s flow through Rajasthan, eventually discharging into the Yamuna River in Etawah (Uttar Pradesh).
The map also highlights the location of Rameshwaram Ghat in Sawai Madhopur, marking the Triveni Sangam where the Banas, Chambal, and Seep Rivers merge.
Key Features of Chambal River and Triveni Sangam
| Feature | Chambal River | Triveni Sangam at Rameshwaram Ghat |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Janapav Hills, Vindhya Range (Madhya Pradesh) | Located in Padra, Sawai Madhopur |
| Entry Point into Rajasthan | Chaurasigarh, Chittorgarh District | Confluence of Banas, Chambal, and Seep Rivers |
| Alternative Names | Charmannvati, Kamdhenu, Barahmasi | Religious importance for Hindu pilgrims |
| Tributaries | Banas, Kali Sindh, Seep, Aahu, Parvati, etc. | Banas (Longest Tributary), Chambal, Seep |
| Discharge Point | Joins Yamuna River in Etawah (U.P.) | Significant location for religious ceremonies |
Chulia Waterfall
- Location: The Chulia Waterfall is located in Bhainsrorgarh in the Chittorgarh District of Rajasthan, along the Chambal River.
- Significance: It is the highest waterfall in Rajasthan, standing at 18 meters. This natural feature is one of the most scenic spots along the Chambal River, attracting both tourists and nature enthusiasts.
- Comparison: For comparison, the highest waterfall in India is the Kunchikal Falls (455 meters), located in Karnataka on the Barahi River.
Hanging Bridge (Kota)
- Location: The Hanging Bridge is located in Kota, spanning the Chambal River. It is the only such bridge in Rajasthan.
- Key Features: The bridge is 1.5 kilometers long and is part of National Highway 27 (NH-27), which passes through this region. The bridge is vital for connecting various parts of Rajasthan and serves as an important transportation route.
- Significance: The Hanging Bridge is an engineering marvel, especially given its location across the Chambal River. It stands as a symbol of modern infrastructure, while also serving as a gateway to scenic views of the Chambal.
Protected Animals in Chambal
The Chambal River and the National Chambal Sanctuary are famous for being home to a diverse range of protected and endangered species. Key animals found in this region include:
- Alligator: The Chambal is a sanctuary for gharial alligators, one of the last surviving populations of this critically endangered species.
- Gangetic Dolphins: The Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a freshwater species that is critically endangered and protected under the National Chambal Sanctuary.
- Otters (Lutra lutra): Also known as the Eurasian otter, these animals thrive in the freshwater ecosystem of the Chambal River.
The Rameshwaram Ghat is an important area within this ecosystem, where many of these animals are protected and can be spotted by visitors.
| Behad/Ravines (Dang)
Formation: The unique badland topography in the Chambal region is the result of gully erosion caused by the Chambal River over time. This results in deep and narrow ravines, also called behad or dang. Extension: These ravines extend through the districts of Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, and Dholpur in Rajasthan. The rough terrain makes these regions difficult to cultivate, adding to the region’s rugged landscape. |
Dam Projects on the Chambal River
- Dams: Several dams have been constructed on the Chambal River through collaboration between Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. These dams were built in three phases and play a crucial role in water management, irrigation, and electricity generation in the region.
- Significance: The dam projects are essential for regulating water flow in the Chambal River, ensuring that the surrounding regions benefit from irrigation and hydroelectric power generation, while also controlling the river’s seasonal flooding.
The Chambal River system includes a series of dams constructed in three phases for purposes of water management, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation. These projects are jointly managed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, and have played a significant role in transforming the water usage and economy of the region.
Three Phases of Dam Construction on the Chambal River:
- Stage I – Gandhi Sagar Dam (Madhya Pradesh) and Kota Barrage:
- The Gandhi Sagar Dam, located in Madhya Pradesh, was the first phase of the project. This dam is primarily focused on generating hydroelectric power and providing water for irrigation.
- The Kota Barrage, situated downstream in Rajasthan, is primarily used for irrigation purposes, supplying water to agricultural lands in Rajasthan.
- Stage II – Rana Pratap Sagar Dam:
- The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, located in Rajasthan, is part of the second phase. This dam is significant for both irrigation and power generation.
- The dam helps in controlling the flow of the Chambal River and supports the agricultural economy in Rajasthan by providing consistent water supply.
- Stage III – Jawahar Sagar Dam and Kota Dam:
- The Jawahar Sagar Dam and Kota Dam were built in the final phase of the project, completing the series of dams along the Chambal River. These dams contribute to hydroelectricity production and ensure a regulated flow of water to the lower reaches of the river.
These dams are strategically important for regulating water flow and mitigating seasonal flooding, while also providing crucial irrigation support to the agricultural regions of Rajasthan and neighboring states.
Key Features of Chambal River and Related Features
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Chulia Waterfall | Located in Bhainsrorgarh, 18 meters high |
| Hanging Bridge (Kota) | 1.5 km long, part of NH-27 |
| Length of Chambal in Rajasthan | 322 km |
| Protected Animals | Alligator, Gangetic Dolphins, Otters |
| Behad/Ravines | Formed by gully erosion, extends through Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Dholpur |
| Dam Projects | Built in collaboration with Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh |
- Banas River
The Banas River is one of the most important tributaries of the Chambal River, contributing significantly to the water resources in Rajasthan. It plays a key role in the eastern drainage system of Rajasthan.
Key Features of the Banas River:
- Origin: The Banas River originates in the Khamnaur Hills in the Rajsamand District of Rajasthan, Aravalli Range and flows predominantly through the districts of Rajasthan.
- Catchment Area: The river flows through several districts, including Tonk, Ajmer, and Bundi, before merging into the Chambal River. The Banas River flows through two primary plains:
- Mewar Plain: This includes districts such as Bhilwara, Rajsamand, and Chittorgarh.
- Malpura – Karoli Plain: This includes the districts of Ajmer, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, and Karoli.
- Length: The Banas River is considered the longest tributary of the Chambal River. It spans a total length of 512 km (previously measured as 480 km), making it the longest tributary of the Chambal River.
- Discharge Point: The river flows eastward and eventually discharges into the Chambal River at Rameshwaram Ghat in Sawai Madhopur. This confluence point is significant both ecologically and religiously.
- Tributaries: The Banas River is fed by several tributaries, including:
- Kalisil, Dai, Mansi, Mainal (Bhilwara region), Bandi, Morel, Aahad (Berach), Kothari, and Khari.
- Among these, the Khari River is the longest tributary of the Banas, while the Berach River is the longest tributary of the Banas from the right side.
The map illustrates the flow of the Banas River from its origin in the Khamnaur Hills of Rajsamand to its confluence with the Chambal River at Rameshwaram Ghat in Sawai Madhopur. The Chambal Dam Projects—including Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar, and the Kota Barrage—are also marked, showing the locations where these key infrastructures regulate the flow of the Chambal River.
Map Explanation
The map provided in the image gives a detailed visual representation of the Banas River’s flow, highlighting the Triveni Sangams at the points where the river meets its key tributaries:
- Bigod/Bhilwara Menal Triveni: Banas, Bedach, Menal Rivers.
- Rajmahal Triveni: Banas, Khari, Dai Rivers.
- Rameshwaram Ghat Triveni: Banas, Chambal, Seep Rivers.
These confluences represent critical points for water flow, irrigation, and cultural importance in Rajasthan.
Banas River: Characteristics and Other Names
The Banas River, one of Rajasthan’s most important rivers, is a crucial tributary of the Chambal River. It has several other names that highlight its significance:
- Hope of Forest/Varnasha: The Banas River is often referred to as the “Hope of Forest” or Varnasha, indicating its importance to the dense forest areas along its course, as it provides water to these regions.
- Vashishthi River: Another traditional name for the Banas is the Vashishthi River, reflecting its cultural and historical significance in Rajasthan.
| Triveni Confluences of the Banas River
The map provided highlights three major Triveni Sangams, or confluences, where the Banas River meets its tributaries or other rivers at different points. These confluences are important both geographically and culturally: Banas, Bedach, Menal:
Banas, Khari, Dai:
Banas, Chambal, Seep:
|
Triveni Sangams in Rajasthan
| Triveni Sangam | Location | Rivers Converging |
|---|---|---|
| Bigod | Bhilwara District | Banas, Bedach, Menal |
| Rajmahal | Tonk District | Banas, Khari, Dai |
| Rameshwaram Ghat | Sawai Madhopur | Banas, Chambal, Seep |
Triveni Sangam of the Banas River
A Triveni Sangam is a confluence of three rivers, which often holds cultural, religious, and geographical significance. The Banas River forms three major Triveni Sangams in Rajasthan, as depicted in the image:
- Bigod (Bhilwara) Triveni:
- Location: Near Bigod in Bhilwara district.
- Rivers: The Banas River meets the Bedach River and Menal River at this confluence. The Bedach and Menal rivers are key tributaries contributing to the water volume of the Banas.
- Rajmahal (Tonk) Triveni:
- Location: At Rajmahal in Tonk district.
- Rivers: The Khari River and Dai River join the Banas River at this Triveni. This confluence is important for the local irrigation systems and contributes to the agricultural productivity of the Tonk region.
- Rameshwaram Ghat (Sawai Madhopur) Triveni:
- Location: At Rameshwaram Ghat in Sawai Madhopur district.
- Rivers: This confluence involves the Banas River, the Chambal River, and the Seep River. It is one of the most significant confluences due to the involvement of the Chambal, which is one of the largest rivers in the region. Rameshwaram Ghat holds religious importance as well.
Key Features of Banas Triveni Sangams: The Banas River creates the highest Triveni Sangam in Rajasthan, highlighting its importance in the state’s river network.
Tributaries of the Banas River
Several tributaries join the Banas River throughout its course, contributing to its flow and importance. Some of the major tributaries include:
- Bedach River: Joins the Banas near Bhilwara, playing an important role in adding to the river’s water levels in the Bhilwara region.
- Menal River: Also meets the Banas near Bhilwara, contributing to the Triveni Sangam at Bigod.
- Khari River: The longest tributary of the Banas River, joining at Rajmahal, Tonk District.
- Dai River: Another key tributary that meets the Banas at Rajmahal in Tonk District.
- Berach River: The largest tributary of the Banas from the right side, joining the river further downstream.
Banas River Pollution
The Banas River is identified as the most polluted river in Rajasthan. The river’s pollution is largely due to:
- Industrial runoff from cities along its course.
- Agricultural waste, including the excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides.
- Untreated sewage discharged into the river, especially in densely populated areas.
Despite its importance as a key water source, efforts to clean the river and improve its water quality remain crucial for the region.
| Banas River: Longest River Flowing Exclusively in Rajasthan
The Banas River is noted as the longest river flowing solely within the boundaries of Rajasthan. While the Chambal River is longer, the Chambal flows through multiple states. The Banas River, on the other hand, begins and ends within Rajasthan, making it vital to the state’s internal water system. |
Dam Projects on the Banas River
Several major dam projects have been constructed along the Banas River and its tributaries, serving as crucial infrastructures for water storage, irrigation, and drinking water supply.
- Bisalpur Dam (Tonk District):
- Location: Built on the Banas River in Tonk District.
- Significance:
- The Bisalpur Dam is the largest drinking water project in Rajasthan.
- It provides water for both drinking and irrigation purposes.
- It serves multiple districts, including Tonk, Ajmer, Nagore, Jaipur, Dausa, and Sawai Madhopur.
- Key Features:
- The Bisalpur Dam is the largest concrete dam in Rajasthan.
- It is classified as part of the Conservation Reserve, indicating its ecological and conservation importance.
- Water Shortage Issue:
- Due to water scarcity in the Bisalpur Dam, there is a proposal to link it with the Chambal River to ensure a more consistent water supply. This would be the first river linking project in Rajasthan, creating a direct connection between the Chambal and Banas river systems.
- Isarda Dam (Sawai Madhopur District):
- Location: Built on the Banas River in Sawai Madhopur district.
- The dam plays an important role in local irrigation and water management.
- Morel Dam (Dausa District):
- Location: Constructed on the Morel River in Dausa district, this dam is essential for irrigation in the surrounding areas.
- Meja Dam (Bhilwara District):
- Location: Built on the Kothari River in Bhilwara district. The dam supports agriculture and water supply in the Bhilwara region.
Major Dam Projects of the Banas River
| Dam Name | Location | River | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bisalpur Dam | Tonk | Banas River | Drinking water, irrigation, largest drinking project in Rajasthan |
| Isarda Dam | Sawai Madhopur | Banas River | Irrigation and water supply |
| Morel Dam | Dausa | Morel River | Irrigation and water management |
| Meja Dam | Bhilwara | Kothari River | Water storage and irrigation |
- Berach River
The Berach River is one of the key tributaries of the Banas River in Rajasthan. It plays a significant role in the water system of southeastern Rajasthan, especially in the districts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Bhilwara.
Key Features of the Berach River:
- Origin: The Berach River originates from the Gogunda Hills and Udaisagar Lake, located in Udaipur District. The Gogunda Hills are part of the Aravalli Range, which provides a crucial water source to the river.
- Discharge Point: The Berach River flows through the districts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Bhilwara before eventually discharging into the Banas River at Bigod (Bhilwara District).
- Catchment Area: The Berach River’s catchment area includes the districts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Bhilwara, where it supports agricultural activities and local ecosystems.
- Tributary: The Gambhir River is a major tributary of the Berach River, flowing through parts of Madhya Pradesh and contributing to the Berach’s overall water volume before its confluence with the Banas River.
The map in the image depicts the flow of the Berach River from its origin in the Gogunda Hills and Udaisagar Lake in Udaipur District, passing through Chittorgarh and eventually joining the Banas River at Bigod in Bhilwara. The map also marks important landmarks like Chittor Fort, and shows the course of the Gambhir River, which contributes to the Berach River.
Key Features of Berach River
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Origin | Gogunda Hills, Udaisagar Lake (Udaipur) |
| Discharge Point | Banas River (Bigod, Bhilwara) |
| Catchment Area | Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara |
| Tributary | Gambhir River (Flows through Madhya Pradesh) |
| Bedach/Aayad River – Gambhiri River
The Bedach or Aayad River, also known as the Gambhiri River, is a seasonal river that contributes to the eastern drainage system in Rajasthan. Gambhir River – Yamuna The Gambhir River is another significant river that ultimately joins the Yamuna River, contributing to the drainage pattern that leads to the Bay of Bengal. The river is vital for the regions it passes, particularly in areas prone to water scarcity. |
- Gambhir River
The Gambhir River, an important river in Rajasthan, contributes to the water systems in the eastern part of the state.
Key Features of the Gambhir River:
- Origin: The Gambhir River originates in Sapotara Tehsil in the Karauli District of Rajasthan. The river is a seasonal river and plays an important role in the region’s agriculture during the monsoon season.
- Discharge Point: The Gambhir River flows eastward and discharges into the Yamuna River in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh. This is an important connection as the Yamuna is one of the major rivers of northern India.
- Catchment Area: The Gambhir River drains water from the districts of Karauli, Dholpur, and Bharatpur. These regions rely on the Gambhir for both agriculture and water storage.
- Tributaries: One of the important tributaries of the Gambhir River is the Parbati-II River, which contributes to its overall water volume and flow.
Panchana Dam
The Panchana Dam is a significant infrastructure project on the Gambhir River, contributing to water management and storage in Rajasthan.
- Location: The Panchana Dam is located in the Karauli District on the Gambhir River and its tributaries.
- Significance: The Panchana Dam is the largest soil dam in Rajasthan, meaning it is constructed from natural materials like earth rather than concrete. This type of dam construction is well-suited for the region’s environmental conditions.
- Water Management: The Panchana Dam is crucial for managing water supply during periods of shortage. When there is a lack of water in the Ajan Dam, water is supplied to the region through the Panchana Dam and the Gambhir River.
Other Important Facts about Rivers in Rajasthan
The image highlights several important facts related to river systems across different regions of Rajasthan:
- Bikaner-Churu: There are no rivers in the districts of Bikaner and Churu, which are part of the Thar Desert. These districts rely on groundwater and artificial water storage for their water needs.
- Chittorgarh: Chittorgarh district has the maximum number of rivers in Rajasthan. Rivers like the Banas and Berach flow through this district, contributing to its agricultural and ecological systems.
- Kota Division: The Kota Division has the maximum number of rivers among all divisions in Rajasthan. Rivers like the Chambal and its tributaries are vital to this region’s water supply.
- Bikaner Division: The Bikaner Division has the minimum number of rivers in Rajasthan, owing to its location in the arid and desert regions of the state.
Direction-wise Longest Rivers in Rajasthan
The image also provides information about the longest rivers in Rajasthan based on direction:
- Northern Rajasthan: The Ghagghar River is identified as the longest river in Northern Rajasthan. This river originates from the Himalayas and is part of the inland drainage system, flowing through Rajasthan without reaching the sea.
- Desert or Western Rajasthan: The Luni River is the longest river in the desert area of Western Rajasthan. The Luni River is crucial for the arid regions of Rajasthan, supporting both agriculture and settlements in the desert.
Key Features of the Gambhir River and Panchana Dam
| Feature | Gambhir River | Panchana Dam |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Sapotara Tehsil, Karauli District | Located on Gambhir River, Karauli |
| Discharge Point | Yamuna River, Mainpuri, U.P. | Largest soil dam in Rajasthan |
| Catchment Area | Karauli, Dholpur, Bharatpur | Supplies water to Ajan Dam during shortages |
| Tributaries | Parbati-II | Manages water for agriculture and storage |
Longest Rivers in Rajasthan (By Length)
The image lists the longest rivers of Rajasthan in descending order based on their total length. This provides insight into the importance of these rivers in the state’s water systems, agriculture, and regional economy.
- Chambal River: The Chambal River is the longest river flowing through Rajasthan and also the most significant river in eastern Rajasthan. Originating from the Vindhya Range near Indore, Madhya Pradesh, it flows through Rajasthan and joins the Yamuna River. It is crucial for both irrigation and hydroelectricity in the region.
Total Length: 1,051 kilometers
- Mahi River: The Mahi River is the longest river in southern Rajasthan, particularly important in tribal areas such as Banswara. It originates from the Vindhyachal Range and discharges into the Gulf of Khambhat. The river supports agriculture and local communities in the southern region.
Total Length: 576 kilometers
- Banas River: The Banas River is the longest river exclusively flowing within Rajasthan. Originating from the Aravalli Range, the Banas flows eastward and joins the Chambal River. It supports agriculture in southeastern Rajasthan.
Total Length: 512 kilometers
- Luni River: The Luni River is the longest river in western Rajasthan and flows through the Thar Desert. It originates from the Nag Hills near Ajmer and discharges into the Rann of Kutch. The river is essential for the desert regions of Rajasthan, especially for agriculture and water supply.
Total Length: 495 kilometers
Famous Rivers in Rajasthan (By Drainage Area)
Rivers can also be categorized by their drainage area, which refers to the total land area drained by a river and its tributaries. Based on the image, the Banas River has the largest drainage area in Rajasthan:
Banas River: The Banas River is notable for having the largest drainage area within Rajasthan. This emphasizes its significance in providing water for agriculture, especially in the Mewar and Malpura-Karoli Plains. The Banas River, along with its tributaries, sustains a large portion of the state’s agricultural economy.
The map provided in the image visually represents the key rivers of Rajasthan, including:
- Chambal River (eastern Rajasthan)
- Mahi River (southern Rajasthan, tribal areas)
- Luni River (western Rajasthan, desert areas)
- Ghagghar River (northern Rajasthan, inland drainage)
The map also indicates the general direction of river flow and provides a north-south and east-west orientation for better geographical understanding.
Longest Rivers in Rajasthan (Descending Order by Length)
| River | Length (km) | Area of Importance |
|---|---|---|
| Chambal | 1,051 km | Eastern Rajasthan, irrigation, hydroelectricity |
| Mahi | 576 km | Southern Rajasthan, tribal areas |
| Banas | 512 km | Southeastern Rajasthan, agriculture |
| Luni | 495 km | Western Rajasthan, Thar Desert, agriculture |
Main River Basins and Sub-Basins in Rajasthan
Rajasthan is divided into several main river basins and their respective sub-basins. The distribution of these basins plays a crucial role in managing the state’s water resources. Based on the image, here is the ranking and details of the river basins and their sub-basins:
- Total Main River Basin: Rajasthan has 15 main river basins. The remaining areas of the state are defined as outside basins, meaning they do not belong to any major drainage basin.
- Sub-Basins: In total, there are 58 sub-basins in Rajasthan, distributed among the main river basins.
Famous Main and Sub-Tributaries of Rajasthan
Rajasthan’s rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, both major and minor. The image provides a list of key tributaries, categorized by their main rivers. Below is a summary of some of the most important tributaries:
Tributaries of the Luni River:
The Luni River (12 sub-basins) holds significant importance in western Rajasthan and the Thar Desert, supporting both agriculture and settlements in arid regions.
- Sagi: A sub-tributary of the Luni.
- Sukadi: Another significant tributary of the Luni.
- Bandi: This is an important tributary of the Luni River, with sources in Pali and Ajmer.
Tributaries of the Banas River:
Within Rajasthan, the Banas River (10 sub-basins) has the largest drainage area. This river is important for agriculture and water supply in southeastern Rajasthan.
- Morel: A key tributary of the Banas.
- Masi and Masi-Vakal: Tributaries contributing to the Banas.
- Khari: The Khari River has multiple sources, including Shergaon Hills, Nagore, and Bijral Hill, joining the Banas or Luni River systems.
Tributaries of the Chambal River:
The Chambal River (7 sub-basins) has the largest overall drainage area. It spans multiple states and collects water from various regions, making it one of the most critical river systems for irrigation and water management.
- Parvati and Gambhir: These are some of the major tributaries of the Chambal River.
- Seep: Another key tributary feeding the Chambal.
Tributaries of Other Rivers:
- Sabi: Part of the Inland Drainage System.
- Western Banas and Kali Sindh: Both feed into larger river systems, such as the Chambal or Bay of Bengal.
- Mahi (6 sub-basins)
Water Policy of Rajasthan
The image notes that the Water Policy of Rajasthan was released on 18th February. This policy is crucial for managing the state’s water resources, particularly given Rajasthan’s arid and semi-arid climate. The policy likely addresses issues such as:
- Water conservation and sustainable usage.
- Irrigation systems to support agriculture.
- Drinking water supply and management in urban and rural areas.
The policy also focuses on addressing water scarcity, which is a persistent challenge in Rajasthan.
Key Features of Bay of Bengal Rivers in Rajasthan
| Feature | Chambal River | Banas River | Gambhir River |
|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Janapav Hills (Vindhya Mountains) | Aravalli Range | – |
| Discharge Point | Yamuna River (Etawah, U.P.) | Joins Chambal River | Joins Yamuna |
| Catchment Areas | Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi, Karoli, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur | Flows through Ajmer, Tonk, Bundi districts | – |
| Length | 1,051 km (322 km in Rajasthan) | Longest tributary of Chambal | – |
| Tributaries | Gunjali, Kali Sindh, Parvati, Banas, Seep | – | – |
| Historical Note | Samela (confluence of Ahu and Kali Sindh) | – | – |
| Bisalpur Dam and Water Management
The Bisalpur Dam, located on the Banas River in Tonk District, plays a pivotal role in water conservation and management for Rajasthan. Key aspects related to the dam from the image include: Excess Water Release: The excess water from the Bisalpur Dam is released into the Isarda Dam, which is located in the Sawai Madhopur District. This system helps ensure that the water is managed efficiently, especially during periods of overflow or high water levels. Breeding Center for Fish: A breeding center for colorful fish has been established at the Bisalpur Dam. This initiative highlights the dam’s role not only in water management but also in promoting biodiversity and ecological conservation in the region. |