HISTORY OF AMBER

Amber, located near present-day Jaipur, holds a significant place in the history of Rajasthan. The region was initially ruled by the Meena dynasty, an indigenous community with a deep-rooted history in the area. The Meenas played a pivotal role in establishing early settlements and fortifications in Amber, laying the groundwork for its later developments.

In the 11th century, Amber came under the control of the Kachwaha dynasty, who trace their lineage back to Lord Rama. Because of this connection, the Kachwahas are often referred to as Raghuvansh Tilak, which translates to “the crest jewel of the Raghu dynasty.” This association with Lord Rama elevated the Kachwahas’ status among the Rajputs of Rajasthan, positioning them as a revered clan in the region’s socio-political hierarchy.

DULHERAI (TEZKARAN)

• Real Name: Dulherai, originally known as Tezkaran, played a key role in expanding the Kachwaha influence in Rajasthan.
• Arrival in Narwar: In 1137 AD, Dulherai arrived in Narwar, a significant town in Rajasthan, where he began consolidating power.
• Military Campaigns: He defeated the Budhgujars, a prominent local community, and subsequently seized control of Dausa, an important strategic town. This victory marked the beginning of Kachwaha dominance in the region.
• Conquest of Ramgarh: Dulherai went on to defeat the Meena Raja of Ramgarh (present-day Jaipur region). Following this victory, he established the Jamuwai Mata Temple in Ramgarh. Jamuwai Mata is the clan deity of the Kachwahas, symbolizing their spiritual roots and consolidating their religious and political presence in the newly conquered territory.

KAKILA DEV

• Reign and Expansion: In 1207 AD, Kakila Dev, a successor of Dulherai, further expanded Kachwaha control by defeating the Meena rulers. He then captured Amber and established it as the capital of the Kachwaha kingdom, marking a significant shift in regional power dynamics.
• Cultural Contributions: Kakila Dev’s reign is noted for his contributions to the religious and cultural landscape of Amber. He constructed the Ambikeshwar Mahadev Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, which remains a symbol of the Kachwaha’s devotion and their role in the architectural development of the area.

RAJA BHARMAL (1547-1573 AD)

• Alliance with the Mughals: Raja Bharmal played a pivotal role in shaping the future of Amber through his strategic alliance with the Mughal Empire. With the assistance of Majnu Khan, the Subedar (governor) of Narnaul, and Chagatai Khan, Bharmal sought an audience with Emperor Akbar.
• Submission to Akbar: In 1562 AD, Bharmal became the first Rajput ruler of Rajasthan to accept Mughal suzerainty, marking a turning point in Rajput-Mughal relations. This alliance allowed the Kachwahas to maintain their autonomy while gaining the protection and favor of the powerful Mughal Empire.
• Marital Alliance: To solidify this alliance, Bharmal arranged the marriage of his daughter, Harkhabai, to Akbar. This marriage is historically significant as it represented the merging of Rajput and Mughal lineages. Harkhabai, known by the title Maryam-uz-Zamani, became the mother of Jahangir, who later ascended the Mughal throne.

BHAGWANT DAS (1573-1579 AD)

• Role in Mughal Campaigns: Raja Bhagwant Das, Bharmal’s successor, continued the Kachwaha’s alliance with the Mughals. He played a crucial role in suppressing the Mirza rebellion in Sarnal (Gujarat), a significant uprising against Akbar’s rule. In recognition of his loyalty and military prowess, Akbar awarded Bhagwant Das with Nagada (a ceremonial drum) and a flag, symbols of honor and royal favor.
• Participation in Ranthambore Campaign: Bhagwant Das, along with his son Man Singh, supported Akbar during the Ranthambore expedition in 1569 AD. This campaign was instrumental in Akbar’s efforts to consolidate Mughal control over Rajput territories.
• Subedar of Punjab: Bhagwant Das served as the Subedar (governor) of Punjab for seven years, indicating his prominent status within the Mughal administration and his strategic importance in maintaining control over the northwest frontier.
• Further Marital Alliances: Bhagwant Das strengthened ties with the Mughal royal family by marrying his daughter, Man Bai, to Jahangir (then Prince Salim). Man Bai was honored with the title Shahe Begum, signifying her esteemed position within the Mughal court.
• Tragic End: Despite her status, Man Bai faced personal turmoil, attributed to Jahangir’s struggles with alcohol. She ultimately committed suicide, a tragic event that highlights the complex dynamics of Mughal-Rajput relations and the personal sacrifices entailed in maintaining political alliances.

MANSINGH (1589-1614 AD)

Raja Mansingh was a prominent figure in the history of Amber and the Kachwaha dynasty, whose political acumen and military achievements made him a significant ally of the Mughal Empire.

• Coronation and Rise in Mughal Hierarchy: Upon his coronation on 14 February 1590 AD, Emperor Akbar appointed Mansingh as a Mansabdar (a military commander in the Mughal hierarchy) with a rank of 5000. This title indicated his position of power and the number of troops he could command. In 1605 AD, during Akbar’s later years, Mansingh’s rank was further elevated to 7000, showcasing the emperor’s trust in his abilities.
• Governor of Strategic Provinces: Akbar entrusted Mansingh with the governorship of key regions—Kabul, Bihar, and Bengal. These regions were vital for maintaining Mughal control over the northwestern frontiers and the eastern parts of the empire. Mansingh played a critical role in quelling the rebellion of Mirza Hakim in Kabul, who had challenged Mughal authority. His presence in Kabul from 1581 to 1586 AD allowed him to subdue various rebellious tribes, including the Roshania and Yusufzai. This success is symbolized in the panchranga (five-colored) flag of Amer, representing control over these five tribes.
• Contributions in Bihar: Mansingh’s influence extended beyond his military exploits. He established the town of Manpur in Bihar and constructed the Rohtasgarh Fort, a significant strategic stronghold. Additionally, he commissioned the Bhavani Shankar Temple in Baikatpur and the Mahadev Temple in Gaya, contributing to the cultural and religious landscape of the region. His military campaigns in Bihar included defeating King Pooranmal of Gidhaur and Anant Cheru in the Gaya district, consolidating Mughal power in the area.
• Campaigns in Orissa: Mansingh’s role in Orissa was marked by his victories over Nasir Khan and Katlu Khan, which solidified Mughal control over this region. He also established dominance over the Jagannath Temple in Puri, a sacred site with great significance for Hindu devotees. During his campaigns in Orissa, he supported Ramchandra Deva in defeating the King of Khurda, further extending Mughal influence.
• Achievements in Bengal: In Bengal, Mansingh founded the city of Akbar Nagar (now known as Rajmahal), a strategic center of Mughal administration. He also defeated King Kedar of East Bengal (Dhaka), capturing the idol of Shila Mata, which he brought back to Amer. Shila Mata became the tutelary deity of the Kachwaha dynasty, symbolizing the spiritual and protective forces that safeguarded their reign.
• Architectural Legacy: Mansingh left a lasting legacy through his architectural contributions. He built the Radha Govind Temple in Vrindavan, a significant center of Vaishnavism and devotion to Lord Krishna. In Amer, he is credited with constructing the Amber Fort, a magnificent blend of Rajput and Mughal architectural styles that served as the seat of the Kachwaha rulers. This fort remains a symbol of the rich cultural heritage of Rajasthan and a major tourist attraction today.
• Rani Kanakavati and the Jagat Shiromani Temple: Rani Kanakavati, Mansingh’s queen, built the Jagat Shiromani Temple in Amer in memory of her son, Jagat Singh, who lost his life while fighting in Bengal. This temple holds special significance as it houses the same idol of Lord Shri Krishna that the revered Meera Bai once worshipped in Chittor, further linking the spiritual legacy of the Kachwaha dynasty to the broader cultural traditions of Rajasthan.
• Death: Mansingh passed away on 6 July 1614 AD in Alichpur, located in South India, marking the end of a remarkable chapter in the history of Amber and the Mughal Empire.

Court Scholars

Mansingh’s court was a center of literary and musical scholarship, attracting notable scholars who contributed to the cultural vibrancy of the period:

• Pundarik Vitthal: A renowned scholar, Pundarik Vitthal authored several influential works on classical music, including:
  • Ragamala: A poetic and musical compendium that illustrates the concept of ragas (melodic frameworks).
  • Raga Manjari: A treatise exploring the intricacies of various ragas.
  • Raga Chandruday: Focused on the evolution of ragas.
  • Nartan Nirnay: A work on dance and rhythmic patterns.
  • Duni Prakash: A treatise on musical variations and scales.
• Rai Muraridas: He was the author of Manprakash, a significant literary contribution to the cultural legacy of the Kachwahas.
• Jagannath: Another prominent scholar, Jagannath, wrote the Mansingh Kirti Muktavali, a work dedicated to the achievements and virtues of Mansingh.

Titles of Mansingh

Mansingh was bestowed with several prestigious titles that highlighted his importance in the Mughal court and his contributions to the empire:

1. Mirza Raja: This title symbolized his high status among the Rajput nobility and his close association with the Mughal emperors.
2. Farzand (meaning “son”): A title conferred by the Mughal emperors, signifying a relationship of deep trust and loyalty between Mansingh and the Mughal court.

This expanded version captures the multifaceted role of Mansingh in the history of Amber, his military prowess, cultural contributions, and enduring impact on the architectural and spiritual landscape of Rajasthan.

MIRZA RAJA JAI SINGH (1621-1667 AD)

Mirza Raja Jai Singh was one of the most influential rulers of the Kachwaha dynasty in Amber, known for his strategic alliances, military campaigns, and cultural contributions. His reign lasted 46 years, making it the longest in the history of the Kachwaha rulers of Amber. His political and military expertise made him a trusted ally of the Mughal emperors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.

• Military Campaigns under Jahangir: During the reign of Emperor Jahangir, Jai Singh was sent to Ahmednagar in 1623 AD to suppress the resistance led by Malik Ambar, a powerful statesman and military leader in the Deccan. In 1629 AD, he quelled the Uzbek rebellion along the north-west frontier, a region that required constant vigilance due to its strategic importance. The following year, in 1630 AD, he put down the revolt of Khan-i-Jahan Lodi, further solidifying his position as a reliable Mughal commander.
• Campaigns with Shah Jahan: Jai Singh continued to rise in prominence under Emperor Shah Jahan. In 1636 AD, he participated in the Bijapur and Golconda expeditions, crucial campaigns aimed at extending Mughal influence in the Deccan. A year later, in 1637 AD, Shah Jahan sent him on the Kandahar expedition alongside Prince Shuja, to secure the Mughal Empire’s interests in the strategically important region of Kandahar, located in present-day Afghanistan. In recognition of his loyalty and achievements, Shah Jahan conferred upon him the prestigious title of Mirza Raja, signifying his high standing within the empire.
• Role in Mughal Succession Struggle (1658 AD): The succession struggle following Shah Jahan’s illness saw various factions vying for the Mughal throne. Jai Singh initially supported Dara Shikoh, the favored son of Shah Jahan. During the Battle of Bahadurpur in 1658 AD, he defeated Prince Shuja, another contender for the throne. However, after Aurangzeb’s decisive victory over Dara Shikoh in the Battle of Samugarh, Jai Singh shifted his allegiance to Aurangzeb. He then fought against Dara Shikoh in the Battle of Daurai on behalf of Aurangzeb. Additionally, he played a key role in negotiating peace between Jodhpur’s Maharaja Jaswant Singh and Aurangzeb, demonstrating his diplomatic skills.
• Campaigns Against Shivaji: Aurangzeb later deployed Jai Singh to South India to confront Shivaji, the Maratha leader who posed a significant challenge to Mughal authority. Jai Singh famously declared, “We will surround Shiva like the center of a circle,” illustrating his strategic approach to warfare. His efforts against Shivaji led to the Treaty of Purandar in 1665 AD.

Treaty of Purandar (1665 AD)

The Treaty of Purandar was a significant agreement between Mirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji. The terms of the treaty included:

1. Surrender of Forts: Shivaji agreed to hand over 23 out of 35 forts to the Mughals, reducing his territorial control but maintaining a semblance of autonomy.
2. Alliance Against Bijapur: Shivaji pledged to assist the Mughal forces in their campaigns against the Bijapur Sultanate, furthering the Mughals’ objectives in the Deccan.
3. Shambhaji’s Role: Shivaji’s son, Shambhaji, would be present at the Mughal court and would be given the rank of Mansabdar of 5000, integrating the Maratha prince into the Mughal nobility.
4. Shivaji’s Service to Mughals: Shivaji himself agreed to render services to the Mughal Empire when required, formalizing his status as a Mughal vassal.

Niccolò Manucci, an Italian traveler and observer, was present during the signing of this treaty, providing a European perspective on the events.

• Failure in the Bijapur Campaign and Death: Despite the initial successes, Jai Singh’s efforts in Bijapur did not yield the desired results, leading to his recall by Aurangzeb. Jai Singh passed away on 2 July 1667 AD in Burhanpur, a key Mughal administrative center in central India. His death marked the end of an era of diplomacy and military prowess.
• Legacy and Accounts of His Life: Jadunath Sarkar, a noted historian, compared Jai Singh’s loyalty to that of Val Singham, a member of Queen Elizabeth I’s court, emphasizing the sacrifices Jai Singh made for a ruler who was often demanding and ungrateful. The French traveler François Bernier, who visited India during this period, described Raja Jai Singh in his memoirs as “the most powerful king in India at that time, as well as perhaps the wisest in the entire empire,” highlighting his stature and influence in the Mughal court.

Cultural Achievements

Mirza Raja Jai Singh’s contributions went beyond the battlefield, as he played a significant role in the cultural and architectural development of the regions under his rule:

• Foundation of Jaisinghpur: Jai Singh founded the city of Jaisinghpur near Aurangabad in the Deccan, contributing to the urbanization of the region.
• Construction of Jaigarh Fort: He constructed the Jaigarh Fort in Amer (near modern-day Jaipur), which served as a strategic military stronghold and a symbol of Kachwaha power. Before its construction, this area was known as Chilli ka Tola. The fort stands atop the Aravalli Range and is known for its architectural grandeur and historical significance.
• Multilingual Proficiency: Jai Singh was a learned ruler, proficient in four languages—Sanskrit, Hindi, Turkish, and Persian—demonstrating his intellectual depth and ability to engage with diverse cultural traditions.

Court Scholars

Jai Singh’s court attracted distinguished scholars, poets, and intellectuals, contributing to the rich literary and cultural heritage of the time:

• Bihari Ji: A renowned poet, Bihari Ji authored the Bihari Satsai, a compilation of 713 couplets that explore themes of Shringar Ras (romantic poetry) and Bhakti Ras (devotional poetry). His work remains a celebrated part of Rajasthani and Braj literature.
• Kulpati Mishra: The nephew of Bihari Ji, Kulpati Mishra authored 52 books, many of which provide valuable insights into the southern campaigns of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. His writings are significant historical records of the period.
• Rai Kavi: Rai Kavi was the author of the Jai Singh Charita, a biographical account that celebrates the life and achievements of Mirza Raja Jai Singh.

Titles of Mirza Raja Jai Singh

During his lifetime, Mirza Raja Jai Singh was conferred with titles that reflected his status and contributions:

1. Mirza Raja: Bestowed by Shah Jahan, this title highlighted his elevated rank among the Rajput nobility and his close association with the Mughal Empire.
2. Farzand (meaning “son”): This title was a mark of endearment and trust, indicating his special relationship with the Mughal emperors.

This expanded version preserves all the details about Mirza Raja Jai Singh while providing additional context about his military strategies, diplomatic maneuvers, and cultural contributions, offering a comprehensive view of his impact on the history of Amber and the broader Mughal Empire.

SAWAI JAI SINGH (1700-1743 AD)

Sawai Jai Singh was a visionary ruler of the Kachwaha dynasty of Amber, known for his administrative acumen, military engagements, cultural achievements, and efforts in social reform. He was born on December 3, 1688, and was granted the title Sawai by Emperor Aurangzeb for his exceptional valor and intellect, signifying that he possessed qualities surpassing those of his predecessor, Jai Singh I. During his reign, he navigated the political complexities of the Mughal Empire and worked closely with seven Mughal emperors.

Early Struggles and Consolidation of Power

• Post-Aurangzeb’s Succession Struggle: After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, a succession struggle erupted between his sons Muazzam (Bahadur Shah I) and Azam Shah. Sawai Jai Singh supported Azam Shah, but after Muazzam’s victory, Bahadur Shah I invaded Amer, dethroning Jai Singh and replacing him with his younger brother, Vijay Singh. During this period, Amer was renamed Islamabad or Mominabad, reflecting the Mughal influence.
• Restoration of Rule (1708-1709 AD): Jai Singh regained control of Amer in 1708 AD through the Debari Agreement. By 1709 AD, in alliance with Ajit Singh of Marwar, he ended Mughal rule in Amer by defeating Mughal commander Syed Hussain Khan in the War of Sambhar. This victory established Sambhar as a jointly controlled territory of Jaipur and Marwar, symbolizing a significant shift in regional power dynamics.

Support for Badan Singh and Pacification of Bharatpur

• Support for Badan Singh: In the internal conflict of Bharatpur, Sawai Jai Singh supported Badan Singh against Mohkam Singh. Recognizing Badan Singh’s leadership, Jai Singh conferred upon him the title of Brijraj and granted him the Jagir of Deeg, which helped in consolidating Badan Singh’s control over the region.
• Recognition by Muhammad Shah: For his efforts in stabilizing Bharatpur, Emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela awarded Jai Singh the honorary title of Raj Rajeshwar, reflecting his esteemed position within the Mughal court.

Battles and Military Engagements

• Battle of Gangwana (1741 AD): The Battle of Gangwana, near Ajmer, saw Abhay Singh of Jodhpur facing defeat against Jorawar Singh of Bikaner. In this conflict, Sawai Jai Singh extended his support to Jorawar Singh, influencing the outcome of the battle and further consolidating alliances in the region.
• Mughal Subedar of Malwa: Jai Singh’s strategic importance to the Mughal Empire is evidenced by his multiple appointments as the Mughal Subedar of Malwa—first in 1713 AD under Farrukhsiyar, and later in 1730 AD and 1732 AD under Muhammad Shah. These appointments required him to manage regional affairs and confront the growing Maratha influence.

Conflicts with the Marathas

Sawai Jai Singh’s tenure as Subedar of Malwa saw several battles with the Marathas, reflecting the shifting power dynamics of the time:

1. Battle of Pilasuddha (1715 AD): Jai Singh emerged victorious against the Marathas, demonstrating his military prowess.
2. Battle of Mandsaur (1733 AD): In this encounter, the Marathas defeated Jai Singh, highlighting the increasing challenge posed by the Maratha Empire in central India.
3. Battle of Rampura (1735 AD): The Marathas again defeated Jai Singh, signaling the waning Mughal influence in the region.

The Dholpur Agreement (1741 AD)

• Agreement with the Marathas: In 1741 AD, Jai Singh acted as the representative of Muhammad Shah Rangeela during the Dholpur Agreement with the Maratha Peshwa Balaji Bajirao. This agreement was a strategic attempt to manage Mughal-Maratha relations during a period of declining Mughal authority.

Cultural Achievements

Sawai Jai Singh is perhaps best remembered for his contributions to culture, architecture, and science, particularly his passion for astronomy:

• Ashwamedha Yagya (1740 AD): Jai Singh performed the Ashwamedha Yagya, a Vedic ritual symbolizing royal sovereignty, under the guidance of Pundarik Ratnakar, a prominent priest. Deepsingh Kumbhani famously caught the sacrificial horse, adding a layer of ritualistic significance to the ceremony.

Establishment of Jaipur (1727 AD)

• Founding of Jaipur: Sawai Jai Singh laid the foundation of Jaipur on 18 November 1727 AD. Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, an accomplished architect, designed the city, and Javier de Silva, a Portuguese astrologer, provided astrological consultations. The city was modeled on principles of urban planning from Canton (China) and Baghdad (Iraq), and designed in a nine-square (grid) pattern, symbolizing the nine planets.
• Architectural Marvels: Jaipur became known as the first modern and planned city of India, showcasing Sawai Jai Singh’s vision. The Badal Mahal and Bapjal Chasambamadh were among the initial constructions, and the area where Jaipur now stands was earlier known as Shikhar Hodi. UNESCO included Jaipur in the World Heritage List in 2019, further cementing its global cultural significance.

Key Constructions

• Nahargarh Fort: Built as a defense against the Marathas, Nahargarh Fort was initially named Sudarshangarh. It is often referred to as the Sentinel Fort of Jaipur due to its strategic importance.
• Chandra Mahal (City Palace): This seven-story building forms part of the City Palace complex and reflects the grandeur of Kachwaha architecture.
• Govind Dev Ji Temple: A temple dedicated to Lord Krishna and associated with the Godiya sect, where the rulers of Jaipur considered themselves as Diwans (caretakers) of Govind Dev Ji.
• Jal Mahal: Located in the Man Sagar Lake, this palace served as a retreat for Brahmins involved in the Ashwamedha Yagna.
• Sisodia Rani’s Palace: Built for Sisodia Rani Chandra Kanwar, this palace symbolizes the integration of marital alliances and Rajput architectural traditions.
• Harmada Canal: Constructed to supply drinking water to Jaipur, this canal was crucial for the city’s sustainability.
• Jaiban Cannon: Built in Jaigarh Fort, the Jaiban Cannon was one of the largest cannons of its time.
• Jantar Mantar: Jai Singh built Jantar Mantar at five locations—Delhi, Jaipur (the largest), Ujjain, Banaras, and Mathura. The Jaipur Jantar Mantar, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2010 AD, features the world’s largest sundial, the Samrat Yantra.

Contributions to Literature and Astronomy

• Astrological Works: Jai Singh authored an astrological treatise called Jai Singh Karika and compiled the Zij-i-Muhammad Shahi in 1725 AD, a comprehensive constellation table.
• Court Scholars:
  • Pundarik Ratnakar: Authored the Jai Singh Kalpadrum.
  • Pandit Jagannath: Known for Siddhanta Samrat and Siddhanta Kaustubh, he translated Euclid’s geometry into Sanskrit.
  • Keval Ram: Translated a French book on logarithms into Sanskrit.
  • Nayan Chandra Mukherjee: Translated an Arabic work called Ukar into Sanskrit.
  • Muhammad Mehri and Muhammad Sharif: Collected foreign books on astronomy and mathematics, enriching Jai Singh’s knowledge.
• Suratkhana: Jai Singh established the Suratkhana or painting department, fostering the growth of art and culture in his court.

Social Reforms

Sawai Jai Singh also initiated various social reforms aimed at improving societal norms:

• Efforts to Abolish Sati: He made attempts to control the practice of Sati, a social evil prevalent at the time.
• Control of Child Marriage: He sought to limit child marriage, promoting age-appropriate marriages.
• Encouragement of Inter-caste and Widow Marriages: Jai Singh supported inter-caste marriages and widow remarriage, aiming for greater social mobility.
• Establishment of Vairagpura: He established Vairagpura, a village near Mathura, to encourage saints to live a household life and foster a more integrated society.
• End of Brahmin Discrimination: Jai Singh made efforts to end mutual discrimination among different Brahmin communities, promoting unity and social harmony.

ISHWARI SINGH (1743-1750 AD)

Ishwari Singh, the eldest son of Sawai Jai Singh and Queen Suraj Kanwar, ascended the throne after his father’s death. His rise to power was marked by internal family strife, as per the Debari Agreement, which stipulated that the son of Sawai Jai Singh’s other queen, Sisodia Queen Chandra Kanwar, should become the ruler. This led to a fierce succession struggle between Ishwari Singh and his half-brother Madho Singh.

• Battle of Rajmahal (Tonk) – 1747 AD: This battle was a decisive confrontation between Ishwari Singh and Madho Singh. Ishwari Singh received support from Surajmal of Bharatpur and Umaid Singh of Bundi, while Madho Singh was backed by Jagat Singh II of Mewar, Durjansaal of Kota, and Holkar of the Marathas. Ishwari Singh emerged victorious, and to commemorate this win, he constructed the Isarlat (Sargasuli), a seven-story tower in Jaipur symbolizing his triumph.
• Battle of Bagru (1748 AD): Despite his earlier success, Ishwari Singh faced a significant challenge in the Battle of Bagru, where he clashed with Madho Singh again. The battle saw similar alliances, with Madho Singh supported by Surajmal, Jagat Singh II, Durjansaal, and the Marathas (including the Peshwa and Holkar). Madho Singh emerged victorious, leading to a negotiated settlement where Ishwari Singh ceded five parganas to Madho Singh and installed Umaid Singh as the ruler of Bundi. However, the Marathas continued to pressure Ishwari Singh for war compensation, leading to their harassment and his eventual suicide by poisoning due to the unyielding demands.

MADHO SINGH (1750-1768 AD)

Madho Singh, after the death of Ishwari Singh, became the ruler of Amber (Jaipur). His reign was characterized by both military conflicts and significant cultural contributions:

• Massacre of Marathas (1751 AD): A key event in Madho Singh’s rule was the massacre of Marathas in Jaipur on 10 January 1751 AD. This incident occurred due to the growing resentment among the local population towards the Marathas, who were seen as oppressors.
• Battle of Kakod (Tonk) – 1759 AD: In 1759 AD, Madho Singh defeated the Marathas in the Battle of Kakod, solidifying his control over the region and pushing back the influence of the Maratha Empire in Rajasthan.
• Battle of Bhatwada (Baran) – 1761 AD: This battle was fought over control of the Ranthambore Fort, a strategically significant stronghold. Madho Singh formed an alliance with Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah, Nawab Safdarjung of Awadh, and King Suraj Mal of Bharatpur. The Mughal emperor granted Ranthambore Fort to Madho Singh, but Satrusaal of Kota contested this decision. In the ensuing battle, Satrusaal emerged victorious, with Jatim Singh Jhala serving as the general of the Kota forces.
• Cultural Achievements:
  • Establishment of Sawai Madhopur (1763 AD): Madho Singh founded the city of Sawai Madhopur, which later became known for the Ranthambore National Park.
  • Construction Projects: He built the Moti Dungri Palace in Jaipur, a landmark that remains a symbol of Jaipur’s royal heritage. Additionally, he constructed the Sheetla Mata Temple in Chaksu, contributing to the region’s religious architecture.

PRATAP SINGH (1778-1803 AD)

Pratap Singh succeeded to the throne of Jaipur after Madho Singh. His reign was characterized by conflicts with the Marathas and significant cultural developments:

• Battle of Tunga (Jaipur) – 28 July 1787 AD: Pratap Singh allied with Vijay Singh of Jodhpur against the Marathas, led by Mahadji Scindia. He also received support from the rulers of Shivpur and Karauli. The Mughal ally Mohammad Beg Hamdani switched sides to support Pratap Singh, which led to a victory against the Marathas.
• Battle of Patan – 20 June 1789 AD: This battle pitted Pratap Singh and Vijay Singh against the Marathas, including De Boi, a French commander allied with the Marathas. The Marathas emerged victorious, demonstrating their continued dominance in the region.
• Battle of Malpura (Tonk) – 16 April 1800 AD: In another confrontation with the Marathas, Pratap Singh joined forces with Bhimsingh of Jodhpur but suffered defeat at the hands of Daulat Rao Scindia.
• Cultural Achievements:
  • Hawa Mahal: Pratap Singh commissioned the construction of the Hawa Mahal in 1799 AD, designed by architect Lalchand Usta. This five-story palace is renowned for its 953 jharokhas (small windows) that allowed royal women to observe street festivals like Teej and Gangaur without being seen by the public. The structure is shaped like the crown of Lord Krishna, symbolizing its connection to religious devotion.
  • Patron of the Arts: Pratap Singh was an accomplished poet, writing under the pen name “Brijnidhi”. He held a deep appreciation for music and literature, which he fostered through a music conference presided over by Devarshi Brijpal Bhatt. The Radha Govind Sangeet Saar, a significant work on music, was composed during this event. His Gunijan Sabha (assembly of scholars) included 22 scholars, known as Gandharva Baisi or Pratap Baisi.
  • Promotion of Drama and Painting: During his reign, Tamasha folk drama became popular in Jaipur, and he invited Banshidhar from Maharashtra to enrich the art form. He also established a school of painting in Jaipur, encouraging artists like Lalchand, known for painting scenes of animal fights.

JAGAT SINGH II (1803-1818 AD)

Jagat Singh II inherited a kingdom facing internal challenges and external pressures from the British East India Company. His rule marked the transition of Jaipur into the era of British influence:

• Influence of Rasakpur: Jagat Singh II’s rule was notably influenced by his close associate Rasakpur, who interfered in governance matters. His influence led to political instability until Rasakpur was eventually arrested and confined to Nahargarh Fort.
• Treaty with the British (1818 AD): As the British East India Company expanded its control over India, Jagat Singh II entered into a treaty with them in 1818 AD. This agreement marked Jaipur’s transition into a princely state under British suzerainty. The treaty was signed by Rawal Barisal on behalf of Jaipur and Charles Metcalfe representing the British, formalizing British protection over Jaipur and integrating it into their colonial structure.

RAMSINGH II (1835-1880 AD)

Ramsingh II ascended to the throne of Jaipur at a young age following the death of his father, King Jai Singh III. His reign was marked by significant social reforms, the promotion of education, and architectural contributions, as well as interaction with British colonial authorities.

• Early Reign and Challenges: Upon Ramsingh II’s accession, British officers Alviz and Black arrived in Jaipur to investigate the Roopa Badaran case, a legal matter involving local disputes. During their investigation, an altercation with the local population led to Black’s death. This incident underscored the tense relationship between the princely states and the British colonial administration during the early years of Ramsingh II’s reign.
• Guardian – John Ludlow: During Ramsingh II’s early years, John Ludlow served as his guardian, guiding his administrative training and interactions with British authorities.
• Social Reforms: Ramsingh II was a progressive ruler who implemented various social reforms aimed at improving the status of women and curbing harmful practices:
  • He banned the practice of sati, which involved the self-immolation of widows.
  • Samadhi rituals (voluntary death practices), female infanticide, and human trafficking were prohibited during his reign, reflecting his commitment to modernizing society.
• Educational and Cultural Contributions:
  • In 1857 AD, he established the Madrasa-e-Hunari to foster the development of art in Jaipur. This institution has evolved into the present-day Rajasthan School of Arts and Crafts, playing a key role in preserving the region’s artistic heritage.
  • With the assistance of Kantichandra Mukherjee, Ramsingh II established Jaipur’s first girls’ school in 1866 AD, marking a significant milestone in the education of women. It was the first girls’ school in any princely state of Rajasthan.
  • He also established Maharaja College and Sanskrit College in Jaipur, promoting higher education and the study of classical literature and sciences.
• Albert Hall and Ramnivas Bagh:
  • In 1876 AD, Prince Albert laid the foundation of Albert Hall in Jaipur, a building designed by architect Steven Jacob. Albert Hall was later inaugurated by Edward Bradford in 1887 AD and serves as a museum showcasing the rich art and history of Rajasthan.
  • Ramnivas Bagh, a public garden, was constructed during his reign, providing a green space in Jaipur that complemented the cultural development of the city.
• Jaipur’s Transformation into the Pink City:
  • During Ramsingh II’s reign, the city of Jaipur was painted in pink (ochre) to welcome Prince Albert and Queen Victoria during their visit to India. This distinctive color scheme earned Jaipur the nickname “Pink City,” as described by Stanley Reed in his book Royal Towns of India.
  • Blue pottery, a unique form of ceramic art, gained popularity in Jaipur during this period, becoming one of the city’s signature crafts.
• Architectural Contributions: He also built the Ramprakash Theater, one of the earliest theaters in Jaipur, which became a center for cultural performances and dramatic arts.

MADHO SINGH II (1880-1922 AD)

Madho Singh II, known as the Babbar Sher for his bold leadership, succeeded Ramsingh II and continued to expand Jaipur’s cultural and educational achievements while navigating the political landscape of British India.

• Support for Banaras Hindu University: He was a patron of education and contributed Rs. 5 lakhs to Madan Mohan Malaviya for the establishment of Banaras Hindu University (BHU), one of India’s foremost institutions of higher learning.
• Architectural Contributions:
  • He built nine similar palaces in Nahargarh Fort, specifically for his nine concubines, reflecting his luxurious lifestyle and the fort’s role as a royal retreat.
  • He constructed the Mubarak Mahal within the Chandra Mahal complex, a blend of Rajput, Mughal, and European architectural styles that served as a reception hall for guests.
• Introduction of the Postal System: In 1904 AD, Madho Singh II introduced a postal system in Jaipur, making Jaipur the first princely state in Rajasthan to have such a system, reflecting his efforts to modernize administrative services.
• Journey to London: During the reign of Edward VII, Madho Singh II traveled to London for a royal visit. He carried Ganga water in two large silver urns, symbolizing his devotion to his faith and ensuring he could perform religious rituals while abroad.

SAWAI MAN SINGH II

Sawai Man Singh II was the ruler of Jaipur during the pivotal time of India’s independence and played a key role in the integration of Jaipur into the Indian Union.

• Role During Independence: Sawai Man Singh II was the last ruler of Jaipur before India’s independence and became the first and only Rajpramukh (Governor) of Rajasthan after Jaipur’s integration into the Indian Union, overseeing the transition from princely rule to democratic governance.
• Marriage to Gayatri Devi: He married Gayatri Devi, the princess of Cooch Behar. Gayatri Devi became a celebrated figure in Indian society, known for her grace and charm. She went on to become the first woman Lok Sabha member from Rajasthan in 1962, contributing to public life and politics.
• Autobiography of Gayatri Devi: Gayatri Devi authored A Princess Remembers: The Memoirs of the Maharani of Jaipur, which provides a detailed account of her life, royal traditions, and experiences in both pre- and post-independence India.

The history of Amber is a rich tapestry of conquests, alliances, cultural advancements, and architectural marvels. Initially ruled by the Meena dynasty, Amber rose to prominence under the Kachwaha dynasty, with key figures like Dulherai, Kakila Dev, and Bharmal shaping its early legacy. The alliance with the Mughal Empire, especially through Bharmal and Raja Man Singh, marked a new era of power and influence. Subsequent rulers like Mirza Raja Jai Singh and Sawai Jai Singh II expanded Amber’s cultural and scientific achievements, notably founding Jaipur as India’s first planned city. The region witnessed numerous battles with internal rivals and external forces like the Marathas, shaping its political landscape. Leaders such as Ramsingh II and Madho Singh II further modernized Jaipur, emphasizing education, social reforms, and cultural patronage. Sawai Man Singh II led Jaipur into the modern era, guiding its transition into the Indian Union. Amber’s history reflects the blend of valor, diplomacy, and cultural richness that defines Rajasthan’s heritage.