BIODIVERSITY IN RAJASTHAN

BIODIVERSITY IN RAJASTHAN

Definition of Biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth, typically measured in terms of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem stability, resilience, and adaptability. Edward O. Wilson was one of the first to use the term “biodiversity.”

RAJASTHAN’S BIODIVERSITY

Rajasthan is a geographically diverse region divided into four main ecosystems:

1. Desert Ecosystem
2. Aravalli Mountain Ecosystem
3. Eastern Plain Ecosystem
4. Southern-Eastern Ecosystem

Biodiversity in these ecosystems supports a variety of flora and fauna, each adapted to their respective environmental conditions. The following sections provide detailed insights into each ecosystem.

1. Desert Ecosystem

The Desert Ecosystem, mainly the Thar Desert, is characterized by its harsh climatic conditions and xerophytic vegetation (plants adapted to dry environments). This region is known for its unique fauna, including:

• Chinkara (Indian Gazelle)
• Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra)
• Desert Fox
• Desert Rabbit
• Beige (possibly a reference to the color of the sand or certain fauna)

These species have adapted to survive in low-water and extreme-temperature environments.

2. Aravalli Mountain Ecosystem

The Aravalli Mountain range runs across Rajasthan, and this ecosystem is considered one of the richest in terms of biodiversity. The flora in this ecosystem includes:

• Dhonk (Anogeissus pendula)
• Kerr (Capparis decidua)
• Mango (Mangifera indica)
• Mailha (likely a local tree species)
• Salar (Boswellia serrata)

The fauna includes several wild animals, such as:

• Baghera (Leopard)
• Bear
• Girakh (possibly Hyena)
• Chaosinga (possibly Four-Horned Antelope)
• Black Deer (likely Blackbuck)

The Aravalli region is critical for conservation efforts due to its rich biological diversity.

3. Eastern Plain Ecosystem

Situated in the eastern part of the Aravalli range, the Eastern Plain Ecosystem is known for its avian diversity. Notably, it houses one of the UNESCO-listed bird sanctuaries:

• Keoladeo National Park (Ghana Bird Sanctuary)

This region is a paradise for ornithologists, with numerous migratory birds visiting every year, including:

• Siberian Cranes
• Pelicans
• Egrets
• Storks

The rich wetlands and marshes make this area critical for bird conservation.

4. Southern-Eastern Ecosystem

This ecosystem includes parts of the Vindhyan Range and Hadoti region. It is less diverse compared to the other ecosystems in Rajasthan but still harbors significant aquatic biodiversity. The fauna includes:

• Crocodiles
• Gharials
• Tortoises
• Dolphins (likely freshwater species)
• Various Fish Species

METHODS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN RAJASTHAN

Biodiversity conservation is vital for maintaining the ecological balance in Rajasthan, given the diverse ecosystems that need protection. There are two primary methods of conservation:

1. In-Situ Conservation

This method involves conserving biodiversity within the natural habitat. Some of the key approaches include:

• Biosphere Reserves: Areas meant for the conservation of biodiversity, while also promoting research, education, and sustainable use of natural resources.
• National Parks: Protected areas where the flora and fauna are preserved, and human activities are regulated.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas where wildlife is protected in its natural habitat, but certain human activities may be permitted.
• Ramsar Sites: Wetlands of international importance, particularly as waterfowl habitats, protected under the Ramsar Convention.

Figure: In-Situ Conservation Approach

(Insert a diagram illustrating different types of in-situ conservation methods with examples from Rajasthan, such as Sariska National Park, Ranthambore Tiger Reserve, etc.)

2. Ex-Situ Conservation

Ex-situ conservation involves the preservation of biodiversity outside its natural habitat. Some methods include:

• Botanical Gardens: Places where plants are grown and preserved for research, education, and conservation purposes.
• Seed Banks: Facilities where seeds of different plant species are stored and preserved for future use, especially to avoid the extinction of species.
• Tissue Culture Laboratories: Research centers where plant tissues are preserved and grown in controlled conditions for conservation.
• Zoos: Facilities where animals are kept in captivity to preserve endangered species and for public awareness.
• Aquariums: Facilities for conserving aquatic species and educating the public.
• Gene Banks: Institutions that preserve genetic material of plants and animals for future research and breeding purposes.

In-Situ vs. Ex-Situ Conservation in Rajasthan

EFFORTS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Conserving biodiversity is critical to sustaining ecosystems, maintaining ecological balance, and ensuring the survival of species. Both local and international bodies have made efforts to address the growing threats to biodiversity. Here, we outline efforts at both the Rajasthan and international levels, focusing on institutional frameworks, initiatives, and biodiversity hotspots.

1. Biodiversity Conservation Efforts at the Rajasthan Level

Establishment of the Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board: On 14th September 2010, the Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board was established. This body was formed to monitor and conserve biodiversity across the state. The board is responsible for creating awareness, conducting biodiversity assessments, and ensuring the implementation of relevant legal frameworks for conservation.

Biodiversity Heritage Regions in Rajasthan: Certain regions in Rajasthan are designated as biodiversity heritage zones due to their ecological significance:

• Wood Fossil Park, Jaisalmer: A park showcasing fossilized remains of ancient trees, it highlights the region’s rich paleontological history.
• Naag Mountain, Ajmer: This mountainous region is an important ecological zone with distinct flora and fauna.
• Chapoli Manwanata, Jhunjhunu: This area is recognized for its biodiversity and cultural significance.

Biodiversity Park in Udaipur:

• The Gandhar Forester Park in Udaipur serves as a biodiversity park aimed at preserving and educating the public about local flora and fauna.

2. International Efforts for Biodiversity Conservation

Several international initiatives and conventions have been established to promote biodiversity conservation on a global scale. These efforts aim to safeguard biodiversity by establishing protocols, agreements, and policies.

(1) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

• Established: 1948
• Objective: The IUCN aims to monitor global biodiversity, maintain records of endangered species, and provide guidelines for conserving biodiversity.
• IUCN’s Role: The organization plays a vital role in environmental conservation by assessing the status of species, maintaining conservation areas, and creating global policies.

(2) The Red Data Book

• Released by IUCN (First Release – 1972): The Red Data Book is a key document highlighting endangered and vulnerable species across the globe.
• Purpose: It serves as a tool to raise awareness about species at risk of extinction and to prioritize conservation efforts.
• Logo: The Red Data Book is represented by the image of a Red Panda, symbolizing endangered species worldwide.

(3) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

• Established: 1973 by the IUCN
• Objective: CITES aims to regulate and monitor the international trade of endangered species and prevent illegal trafficking of wildlife. By ensuring that trade does not threaten species’ survival, CITES supports sustainable use of biodiversity resources.

(4) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

• Established: The CBD came into existence during the 1992 Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• Objective: The CBD promotes the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
• India’s Role: In India, the Biodiversity Conservation Act was passed in 2002 to align with international conservation objectives.

(5) National Green Tribunal (NGT)

• Established: 2010
• Objective: The NGT was established in India to handle environmental cases involving biodiversity, water, air, and forest conservation. It operates as a judicial body, bringing environmental issues under one umbrella for swift resolution.

BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS

Definition of a Biodiversity Hotspot: A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region characterized by high levels of species richness and endemism but facing significant threats of destruction. Such regions are critical conservation priorities due to the irreplaceable value of their unique ecosystems.

India’s Biodiversity Hotspots: India is home to four major biodiversity hotspots, which are highly prioritized for conservation efforts:

1. Eastern Himalayan Regio

Known for its diverse flora and fauna, this region houses many endemic species, including the Red Panda, Snow Leopard, and unique orchids.

1. Western Ghats

A UNESCO World Heritage site, the Western Ghats is one of the eight “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity in the world, hosting a large number of endemic species.

1. Indo-Burma Region

This area includes parts of northeastern India and is recognized for its tropical rainforests, freshwater ecosystems, and rich biological diversity.

1. Sundaland (including the Nicobar Islands)

Sundaland includes parts of Southeast Asia, with the Nicobar Islands in India being a crucial part of this hotspot, known for its marine and terrestrial biodiversity.

Celebration of Biodiversity:

• International Biodiversity Day: Celebrated on 22nd May each year to raise awareness about biodiversity issues and promote conservation efforts globally.

United Nations Biodiversity Decade (2010-2020):

• The UN declared the decade from 2010 to 2020 as the Decade of Biodiversity, with the goal of halting biodiversity loss and promoting sustainable ecosystems globally.

International Efforts for Biodiversity Conservation