FOLK GODS OF RAJASTHAN

In Rajasthan, folk gods or deities are known as Pirs. These deities are deeply embedded in the cultural and spiritual fabric of the region and symbolize a shared heritage. 

PABUJI RATHORE

• Pabuji Rathore is one of the most celebrated folk deities in Rajasthan, revered as an incarnation of Lakshman, the brother of Lord Rama in Hindu mythology.
• Place of Birth: He was born in Kolumand village, located in the Barmer district of Rajasthan.
• Parentage: His father was Dhandal Ji, and his mother was Kamala De.
• Wife: Pabuji was married to Phoolm De or Supyar De, the princess of Surajmal Sodha from Amarkot.
• Horse: Pabuji’s mare was named Kesar Kalmi, which was originally owned by a Bhil woman named Deval. This horse played a crucial role in many of Pabuji’s legends and heroic acts.
• Companions: He had two loyal Bhil companions, Chanda and Dama, who stood by him during his many adventures.

Legends and Role of Pabuji

• Protector of Cows: Pabuji is known for his bravery and dedication to protecting the cows of the Bhil woman, Deval. It is said that during his wedding, he left the ceremony after three rounds to save Deval’s cows, demonstrating his commitment to the welfare of others.
• Martyrdom: He met his end while fighting against Jindrao Dhani in Dechu, a place near Jodhpur.
• Camel Protector Deity: Pabuji is venerated as the camel protector deity, and he holds special significance among the Raika, Rabari, and Devasi communities, who are traditionally involved in camel raising.
• Plague Protector: He is also considered a protector against plagues, and many people seek his blessings to ward off diseases and misfortunes.
• Patron of Refugees: Pabuji is known to have provided shelter to seven Thori brothers from Gujarat, symbolizing his role as a protector and benefactor.

Cultural Significance of Pabuji

• Pabuji’s Fair: A fair in honor of Pabuji is organized every year on Chaitra Amavasya (the new moon day of the Chaitra month) at Kolumand village. This event draws devotees from across Rajasthan, who gather to pay homage and participate in rituals.
• Phad Tradition: Pabuji’s tales are immortalized through the Phad, a traditional Rajasthani scroll painting that narrates his life and heroic deeds. The Phad of Pabuji is considered the most popular Phad in Rajasthan. It is carried and performed by Bhopas, the priest-singers of the Bhil community, who use a musical instrument called the Ravanahatha to accompany the storytelling.
• Songs of Valor: The heroic songs dedicated to Pabuji are sung with a traditional maat instrument and are known as pavade or bhajans. These songs celebrate his bravery, sacrifice, and the numerous legends associated with his life.

Books Related to Pabuji

Several literary works capture the legends, life, and heroic deeds of Pabuji, reflecting his importance in Rajasthani folklore and culture. These books provide insight into the various aspects of Pabuji’s life, from his birthplace to his adventures and his revered status among the people of Rajasthan.

1. Pabu Prakash by Asiya Modji – This book presents a detailed account of Pabuji’s life and legacy. According to Asiya Modji, Pabuji was born in Juna village in the Barmer district of Rajasthan. The work delves into his heroic exploits, cultural significance, and the deep devotion of his followers.
2. Pabuji Ra Duha by Laghraj – This book comprises Duha (a poetic form) that narrates the stories and valiant acts of Pabuji. It highlights his bravery and dedication to protecting his people and their cattle. The poetic style makes it a popular choice among those who enjoy traditional Rajasthani literature.
3. Pabuji Ra Chand by Bithu Meha Ji – Pabuji Ra Chand is another significant literary work that captures the heroic tales of Pabuji in the form of Chand (ballads). Written by Bithu Meha Ji, this book preserves the oral traditions surrounding Pabuji’s legend, allowing readers to experience the essence of Rajasthani storytelling.
4. Pabuji Ra Rupak by Motisar Bagtawar – This book presents the Rupak (narratives) of Pabuji, offering a comprehensive look at his life, struggles, and spiritual contributions. Motisar Bagtawar delves into the spiritual aspects of Pabuji’s role as a protector deity, shedding light on his divine nature and the devotion of his followers.
5. Pabuj Ke Sorthei by Ramnath – Pabuj Ke Sorthei focuses on Sorthei (songs of praise) dedicated to Pabuji, highlighting his virtues and heroic deeds. Written by Ramnath, this book is a valuable resource for understanding the cultural traditions that revolve around Pabuji’s worship and the significance of his role in Rajasthani folklore.

Characteristics of Pabuji’s Personality

Pabuji is revered not only for his heroic deeds but also for the noble qualities that define his character. His personality traits have made him a symbol of courage, protection, and righteousness among his followers. Here are some key characteristics of Pabuji’s personality:

1. Gaurakshak (Cow Protector) – Pabuji is known as a Gaurakshak, meaning a protector of cows. He is celebrated for his commitment to safeguarding the cattle of the Bhil woman, Deval, even during his own wedding ceremony. This aspect of his personality highlights his sense of duty and compassion for animals.
2. Camel Protector – Pabuji is also regarded as the protector of camels, a vital part of the pastoral economy in Rajasthan. The Raika, Rabari, and Devasi communities, who traditionally raise camels, particularly revere him as their patron deity, seeking his blessings for the well-being of their herds.
3. Plague Protector – Pabuji is venerated as a plague protector, believed to have the power to ward off diseases and calamities. Devotees pray to him for protection during outbreaks, and his name is invoked to keep communities safe from epidemics and other misfortunes.
4. Opposition to Untouchability – Pabuji is remembered for his stance against untouchability and his efforts to promote social equality. By offering shelter to seven Thori brothers from Gujarat, he demonstrated his belief in the inclusivity of all people, regardless of their caste or social status.
5. Bravery – Known for his courage and valor, Pabuji fought valiantly to protect his people and their resources. His martyrdom in battle against Jindrao Dhani in Dechu is a testament to his unwavering bravery.
6. Retractable – Pabuji’s retractable nature refers to his ability to make decisive sacrifices, such as leaving his own wedding ceremony to fulfill a greater duty. This characteristic showcases his selflessness and readiness to prioritize the needs of others over personal interests.
7. Commitment – Pabuji is known for his strong sense of commitment to his responsibilities and to those who depended on him. His loyalty to his community, devotion to protecting the weak, and dedication to his cause reflect this trait.
8. Asylum Protector – Pabuji’s role as an asylum protector is illustrated by his willingness to offer refuge and shelter to those in need, such as the seven Thori brothers from Gujarat. This aspect of his character highlights his compassionate nature and protective instincts.

RAMDEVJI TANWAR

Ramdevji Tanwar, also known as Ramdevra or Baba Ramdev, is a revered folk deity in Rajasthan, worshipped by people across different communities, including Hindus and Muslims. He is believed to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu (specifically Krishna) and is often referred to as the Pir of Peers, symbolizing his role as a spiritual leader who bridges cultural and religious divides.

Life and Family

• Place of Birth: Ramdevji was born in Undu Kashmir, a village located in the Barmer district of Rajasthan.
• Father: His father, Ajmal Ji, was a feudal lord of Pokaran, a significant region in Rajasthan.
• Mother: His mother was Manade, who is remembered for her devotion and spiritual upbringing of Ramdevji.
• Wife: Ramdevji was married to Natal De, the princess of Dalel Singh Sodha from Amarkot. His marriage symbolizes the alliance between noble families in the region.

Spiritual Journey and Teachings

• Temple: The main temple dedicated to Ramdevji is situated in Runicha, also known as Ramdevra, near Jaisalmer. This temple is a major pilgrimage site where thousands of devotees gather to seek blessings.
• Guru: Ramdevji’s spiritual mentor was Balinath Ji, whose temple is located on the Mysorea Hill of Jodhpur. Under Balinath Ji’s guidance, Ramdevji embraced deeper spiritual teachings and committed himself to the welfare of society.
• Horse: Ramdevji’s horse, Leelo, holds a special place in his legend. It is often depicted in temple sculptures and is considered a symbol of his strength and bravery.
• Flag: His symbolic flag, known as Neja, represents victory over evil and is a revered object during religious processions and gatherings.
• Jagran: The term Jamo refers to the night vigils or jagrans performed in honor of Ramdevji, where devotees gather to sing bhajans (devotional songs) and narrate stories of his life.

Contributions and Cultural Significance

• Meghwal Devotee: Rikhiya was a devotee from the Meghwal community who is known for his unwavering faith in Ramdevji. This reflects Ramdevji’s inclusive approach, as he was a spiritual leader to people from various social backgrounds.
• Parcha Bawdi: Near Ramdevra, a structure known as Parcha Bawdi is situated. It is a sacred stepwell where devotees believe miracles related to Ramdevji occurred, and they often visit this site for blessings.
• Writings: Ramdevji is associated with the book “Chabis Baaniyan,” which compiles twenty-six verses that convey his teachings and principles of life.
• Kamadia Sect: Ramdevji is credited with founding the Kamadia sect, a spiritual community dedicated to the principles of service, simplicity, and devotion. This sect emphasizes self-discipline and devotion to Ramdevji’s teachings.
• Terhatali Dance: The Terhatali dance is a traditional folk dance performed by women of the Kamadia sect. It involves rhythmic movements accompanied by musical instruments, reflecting devotion to Ramdevji.

Key Events and Legacy

• Samadhi (Bhadrapad Shukla Ekadashi): Ramdevji is believed to have taken samadhi (final spiritual rest) on Bhadrapad Shukla Ekadashi at Ramdevra. This event is commemorated annually with a large fair, where devotees from different parts of India gather to pay their respects.
• Dalibai’s Samadhi (Bhadrapad Shukla Dasmi): Dalibai, a Meghwal devotee and considered the foster sister of Ramdevji, took samadhi on Bhadrapad Shukla Dasmi at Ramdevra. Dalibai is revered for her devotion to Ramdevji, and her tomb is also a pilgrimage spot near Ramdevji’s temple.
• Paglye Worship: The Paglye (footprints) of Ramdevji are worshipped in his temple, symbolizing his divine presence and blessings. Devotees believe that the footprints hold spiritual power and visit the temple to seek his protection and guidance.
• Defeat of Bhairav: Ramdevji is known for defeating a tyrant named Bhairav in the Pokaran region, an act that further established his reputation as a protector of the weak and oppressed.
• Promoter of Social Harmony: Ramdevji’s teachings aimed at reducing social discrimination and fostering communal harmony. He worked towards bridging divides between different communities, emphasizing equality and tolerance.

Major Temples Associated with Ramdevji

Several temples dedicated to Ramdevji Tanwar, also known as Ramdevra or Baba Ramdev, are spread across Rajasthan and neighboring regions. These temples serve as important pilgrimage sites, attracting devotees who seek his blessings and reflect on his teachings.

1. Runicha Temple – Jaisalmer:
   • The Runicha Temple, also known as Ramdevra, is the most prominent shrine dedicated to Ramdevji. Located near Jaisalmer, this temple is the place where Ramdevji took samadhi (left his mortal body) on Bhadrapad Shukla Ekadashi.
   • It is a major pilgrimage site, attracting devotees from across India, including both Hindus and Muslims. The annual fair held here is a time of worship, community gatherings, and cultural performances, celebrating Ramdevji’s life and teachings.
2. Pokaran – Jaisalmer:
   • Another significant temple dedicated to Ramdevji is located in Pokaran, also in the Jaisalmer district. Pokaran is a place closely associated with the legends and battles of Ramdevji, including his victory over the tyrant Bhairav.
   • This temple is visited by many devotees who honor Ramdevji’s heroism and commitment to protecting the downtrodden and promoting justice.
3. Masuria Hill – Jodhpur:
   • A temple dedicated to Balinath Ji, the spiritual guru of Ramdevji, is situated on Masuria Hill in Jodhpur. This site holds significance for followers of Ramdevji as it represents his spiritual training and teachings.
   • Devotees of Ramdevji often visit this temple to pay homage to Balinath Ji and to reflect on the spiritual bond between the mentor and disciple.
4. Haldina – Alwar:
   • The Haldina Temple in the Alwar district of Rajasthan is another important shrine dedicated to Ramdevji. It serves as a place of worship and pilgrimage, where devotees come to seek spiritual solace and protection.

1. Chhota Ramdevra – Gujarat:
   • The Chhota Ramdevra Temple in Gujarat is a well-known pilgrimage site for devotees outside Rajasthan. This temple highlights the widespread reverence for Ramdevji beyond his native state and is visited by those who follow his teachings and wish to honor his legacy.

Characteristics of Ramdevji’s Personality

Ramdevji’s personality and actions have made him a beloved and respected folk deity in Rajasthan. He is known for his commitment to social justice, compassion for the marginalized, and spiritual depth. Here are some key characteristics of his personality:

1. Opposed Untouchability: Ramdevji is remembered for his strong stance against untouchability and social discrimination. He welcomed people of all castes and communities into his fold, emphasizing equality and inclusivity. His actions and teachings promoted the idea that all humans are equal in the eyes of God.
2. Motivator of Communal Harmony: Ramdevji worked tirelessly to promote communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims. He is often referred to as the Pir of Peers, symbolizing his acceptance and respect across religious lines. His life served as a bridge between communities, fostering an environment of peaceful coexistence.
3. Protector: Ramdevji is revered as a protector deity, known for defending the vulnerable and oppressed. His role as a camel protector and cow protector is central to his legends. He is seen as a guardian of livestock, which were critical to the livelihoods of many in rural Rajasthan. His bravery and commitment to justice have made him a symbol of protection.
4. Leprosy Preventive God: Ramdevji is also known as a leprosy preventive deity. Many devotees believe in his miraculous powers to cure diseases and protect against ailments such as leprosy. People suffering from ailments or seeking blessings for good health visit his temples, praying for healing and well-being.
5. Poet: Ramdevji is considered to have had a poetic soul, and his teachings are often reflected in the poems and verses associated with his name. His book “Chabis Baaniyan” contains spiritual messages and insights, showcasing his wisdom and literary skill. His followers continue to recite these verses during religious gatherings and ceremonies, keeping his poetic legacy alive.

Spiritual Teachings of Ramdev Ji

Ramdev Ji Tanwar, revered as Baba Ramdev or Ramdevra, is celebrated for his progressive spiritual philosophy that sought to promote equality, humility, and devotion among his followers. His teachings aimed at uplifting society by encouraging people to seek a deeper spiritual connection and to live a life rooted in compassion and righteousness. Here are the key spiritual teachings of Ramdev Ji:

1. Opposition to Idol Worship:
   • Ramdev Ji stood against the practice of idol worship, emphasizing that God is beyond physical forms and cannot be confined to an idol. He taught that true spirituality lies in internal devotion and the recognition of the divine presence within oneself, rather than in outward rituals.
   • His opposition to idol worship was a call for people to seek a direct and personal connection with the divine, focusing on inner faith rather than external symbols.
2. Opposition to Pilgrimage:
   • Ramdev Ji also discouraged the emphasis on pilgrimage as a means of attaining spiritual merit. He believed that spiritual purity could be achieved through good deeds, devotion, and self-reflection, rather than through travel to holy places.
   • By opposing the ritualistic aspect of pilgrimages, he encouraged his followers to focus on inner spiritual practices and to seek divine presence in everyday life and actions.
3. Importance of the Guru:
   • A central theme in Ramdev Ji’s teachings is the importance of the Guru (spiritual teacher) in guiding individuals on the path of spirituality. He believed that a Guru’s guidance is crucial for attaining spiritual wisdom and for navigating the complexities of life.
   • Ramdev Ji’s own life reflected this belief, as he deeply revered his Guru, Balinath Ji. He taught that respecting and following the teachings of a Guru is essential for spiritual growth and enlightenment.
4. Emphasis on Karma (Actions):
   • Ramdev Ji placed a strong emphasis on karma, the principle that one’s actions determine their future outcomes. He taught that righteous actions and selfless service to others are the path to spiritual fulfillment.
   • According to Ramdev Ji, good karma is accumulated through helping others, honesty, and living a life of integrity, while negative actions lead to suffering and spiritual downfall. His teachings encouraged people to act with compassion and integrity in their daily lives.
5. Name Remembrance (Simran):
   • Ramdev Ji stressed the importance of name remembrance, or Simran, which involves the repetition of God’s name as a form of meditation and devotion. This practice helps individuals focus their mind, purify their thoughts, and stay connected to the divine.
   • He believed that constantly remembering God’s name helps devotees remain spiritually grounded and allows them to experience inner peace and divine presence.
6. Emphasis on Satsang (Spiritual Gathering):
   • Satsang, or the practice of spiritual gatherings, was another key aspect of Ramdev Ji’s teachings. He encouraged his followers to gather regularly for prayers, singing devotional songs (bhajans), and discussing spiritual teachings.
   • Satsang creates an environment of positivity and collective spirituality, allowing individuals to strengthen their faith, gain wisdom, and support each other on their spiritual journeys. Ramdev Ji viewed Satsang as a means to unite people and spread spiritual awareness.
7. Renunciation of Illusion and Ego:
   • Ramdev Ji taught that illusion (maya) and ego (ahankar) are obstacles to spiritual progress. He encouraged individuals to detach themselves from worldly desires and materialism and to practice humility.
   • According to his teachings, overcoming ego allows a person to experience true selflessness and connect with the divine essence. By letting go of illusions, one can focus on the eternal truth and find contentment in spiritual pursuits.
8. God Resides in Every Living Being:
   • A central tenet of Ramdev Ji’s philosophy is the belief that God resides in every living being. He taught that every person, regardless of caste, creed, or social status, possesses a divine spark within them.
   • This belief led him to advocate for equality and compassion toward all beings. It also served as the foundation for his opposition to social discrimination and untouchability. Ramdev Ji’s teachings encouraged people to see the divine in others and to treat every living being with dignity and respect.

GOGAJI CHAUHAN

Gogaji, also known as Gogaji Chauhan, is a revered folk deity in Rajasthan, worshipped as a protector deity who is known for his bravery and commitment to protecting cattle.

• Place of Birth: Gogaji was born in Dadreva, a village in the Churu district of Rajasthan.
• Parentage: His father was Jewar Singh, and his mother was Bachel De.
• Battle with Mahmud Ghaznavi: Gogaji is known for his battle against Mahmud Ghaznavi, a significant historical event. After witnessing his bravery, Ghaznavi referred to Gogaji as “Jaheer Pir,” highlighting his reputation as a spiritual leader and warrior.
• Protector of Cows: Gogaji fought for the protection of cows even against his brothers, Arjan and Sarajan, reflecting his dedication to safeguarding the community’s vital resources.
• Temples:
  • The temple at Dadreva (Churu) is known as the “Sheersh Medi” (where the head was believed to be cut off).
  • Gogamedi, another significant temple dedicated to him, is referred to as the “Dhur Medi” and is built in tomb style. The inscription of “Bismillah” at the temple shows the respect he commands among both Hindus and Muslims.
  • Gogaji’s Oldi is situated in Khilari ki Dhani in Sanchore, Jalore.
  • His temples are often built under Khejdi trees, symbolizing his connection to nature and rural life.
• Role as a Deity: Gogaji is worshipped as the “snake protector deity”, and people believe he has the power to ward off snake bites and cure venom-related ailments.
• Literature: Kavi Meha wrote a book titled “Gogaji Ra Rasavala” that narrates his heroic stories and divine powers.

HADBUJI SHANKLA

Hadbuji Shankla is known as a spiritual figure and a cousin of Ramdevji. He is celebrated for his prophecies and contributions to the Jodhpur region.

• Place of Birth: He was born in Bhundel, a village in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan.
• Family and Early Life: After his father’s death, Hadbuji moved to Harbhamjal, near Jodhpur, where he continued his spiritual practices.
• Guru: Hadbuji’s spiritual teacher was Balinath Ji, who also guided Ramdevji. Under his guru’s influence, Hadbuji became a prominent spiritual figure.
• Authorship: He wrote “Shakunasastra”, a text that deals with future predictions and spiritual insights.
• Contribution to Jodhpur: He blessed Rao Jodha to win Mandor and gifted him a dagger as a symbol of strength. After his victory, Rao Jodha rewarded Hadbuji with a village in Bengti (Jodhpur), where Hadbuji dedicated himself to caring for old and disabled cows.
• Temple and Worship: Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur built a temple in Bengti in his honor, where the bullock cart of Hadbuji is worshipped as a symbol of his dedication to the service of others.
• Vehicle: His spiritual vehicle is believed to be a jackal, which holds symbolic importance in local legends.

MEHAJI MANGALIA

Mehaji Mangalia is a revered folk deity in Rajasthan, known for his bravery and sacrifice.

• Main Temple: His primary temple is located in Bapini, in the Jodhpur district. This temple is an important pilgrimage site where devotees come to pay their respects.
• Fair: A fair is held in his honor on the occasion of Krishna Janmashtami, which attracts a large gathering of devotees who celebrate his memory with songs and rituals.
• Battle and Death: Mehaji Mangalia died in battle while fighting against Ranagdev Bhati of Jaisalmer, symbolizing his valor and commitment to protecting his people.
• Horse: The name of his horse was Kirad Kabra, which is often mentioned in local legends and folk songs.
• Priestly Lineage: It is believed that the priests of Mehaji are not blessed with sons, a belief that adds a mystical element to the traditions surrounding his worship.

TEJAJI

Tejaji is a celebrated folk deity in Rajasthan, revered for his bravery and selflessness. He is particularly known as a protector against snake bites.

• Place of Birth: Tejaji was born in Khardnal, a village in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan.
• Parentage: His father was Tahar Ji, and his mother was Raj Kanwar. He belonged to a Jat family.
• Wife: Tejaji was married to Pemal De, and he had set out to bring her back from her in-laws’ place in Paneer (Ajmer) when his most famous legend unfolded.
• Mare: His mare was named Leelan, and she is as famous as Tejaji himself. A train in Rajasthan is even named after Leelan to honor this association.
• Heroic Legend: While traveling through Sursura (Ajmer), Tejaji saved the cows of a Gurjar woman named Lacha from thieves. In the process, he was bitten by a snake and succumbed to his injuries, but he fulfilled his promise to the snake, showing his commitment to his word.
• Role as a Deity: Tejaji is worshipped as a “snake protector deity” and is believed to have the power to cure snake bites. He is also known as the “God of Kalabala”, referring to his role in protecting against diseases.
• Literature: “Jujhanar Teja” by Lajjaram Mehta and “Tejaji Ra Baihala” by Vanshidhar Sharma are notable literary works that document the stories and valor of Tejaji.
• Temples:
  • Main Temple: His main temple is situated in Parbatsar, built during the time of Jodhpur Maharaja Abhay Singh. It serves as the focal point for worship and festivals in honor of Tejaji.
  • Other Temples: Additional temples are located in Sandaria, Bhanta, and Paneer (all in Ajmer), as well as Dugari (Bundi).
  • A temple dedicated to his sister, Bungri Mata, is built in Khardnal (Nagaur), reflecting the family’s spiritual significance.
• Cultural Significance: Farmers sing Tejaji’s songs while plowing their fields, seeking his blessings for a good harvest. In 2010, a postage stamp was issued by the Rajasthan government in honor of Tejaji, recognizing his cultural importance.

DEVNARAYAN JI (GOD OF MEDICINE)

Devnarayan Ji is a revered deity in Rajasthan, worshipped for his powers of healing and compassion. He is considered an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.

• Place of Birth: Asind in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan.
• Family: Born into the Bagdawat Gurjar family, his father was Sawai Bhoj, and his mother was Sendhu Gurjar.
• Wife: He was married to Pipalade, the daughter of King Jai Singh Parmar of Dhar.
• Main Temple: The most significant temples of Devnarayan Ji are located in Aasind (Bhilwara), Jodhpur (Tonk), Dedhamali – Beawar (Ajmer), and Dev Dungri – Chittor, which was built by Rana Sanga.
• Worship Practices:
  • In his temples, neem leaves are offered as a symbol of his healing powers.
  • Devotees do not worship an idol but instead worship a brick, which symbolizes his divine presence.
• Devnarayan Ji’s Phad: His Phad (a traditional scroll painting that narrates his stories) is the longest of its kind. It is performed by Gurjar Bhopos using the Jantar Instrument, preserving the folklore through songs and recitals. A postal stamp has been issued to honor this Phad.
• Fair: An annual fair in his honor is held on Bhadrapad Shukla Saptami, attracting devotees who come to pay their respects.

DEV BABA

Dev Baba is a revered spiritual figure in Rajasthan known for his compassion towards animals, especially cows.

• Main Temple: His primary temple is situated in Nangala Jahaj (Bharatpur).
• Fair: Dev Baba’s fair is organized on Bhadrapad Shukla Panchami (Rishi Panchami) and Chaitra Shukla Panchami.
• Significance: Dev Baba was known for his skill as a veterinarian, and devotees believe that feeding seven gwalas (cowherds) is a way to seek his blessings.

MALLINATH JI

Mallinath Ji is remembered as a Rathore king of Marwar who played a crucial role in regional politics and spiritual leadership.

• Historical Role: He defeated Nizamuddin, the Governor of Malwa under Firoz Tughlaq, the Sultan of Delhi, asserting the power of Marwar.
• Queen: His queen, Rupade, is worshipped as a folk goddess, and her temple is in Malajal (Barmer).
• Guru: His spiritual mentor was Ugam Singh Bhati.
• Main Temple: His primary temple is in Tilwara (Barmer).
• Mallinath Cattle Fair: A 15-day cattle fair named after him is held annually, starting the day after Holi from Chaitra Krishna Ekadashi to Shukla Ekadashi. It is known for the trading of Malani breed animals.
• Spiritual Contributions: He was known as a future forecaster and sought to eradicate untouchability in society. In 1399 AD, he organized a massive Hari Kirtan in Marwar, promoting spiritual devotion.

TALLINATH JI 

Tallinath Ji, also known as Gogadeo Rathore, is revered as the God of Oran.

• Place of Authority: He was a feudal lord of Shergarh (Jodhpur).
• Guru: His spiritual mentor was Jalandhar Nath.
• Main Temple: His primary temple is located in Panchota (Jalore).
• Role as “God of Oran”: The term Oran refers to protected lands surrounding temples, where cutting trees is forbidden. Tallinath Ji is respected as the protector of these sacred lands.

BIGGA JI

Bigga Ji is a folk hero known for his sacrifice while protecting cows.

• Main Temple: Located in Rori (Bikaner), his temple is a site of devotion for those who admire his bravery.
• Clan Deity: He is worshipped as the clan deity of the Jakar subclans of Jats, who respect his dedication to protecting their livelihood.

HARIRAM

Hariram is revered as a snake protector deity, known for his mystical powers in safeguarding people from snake bites.

• Main Temple: His primary temple is in Jhorda (Nagaur).
• Fair: A fair is held in his honor on Bhadrapad Shukla Panchami.
• Worship: A snake pit is worshipped in his temple, symbolizing his role as a protector from snake-related afflictions.

KESARIYA KUNWARJI

Kesariya Kunwarji is known as a snake protector deity.

• Lineage: He was the son of Gogaji, inheriting the role of protecting against snake bites and spreading his father’s legacy.
• Worship: He is revered for his role in providing protection against snake-related dangers.

JHARDA JI

Jharda Ji is a figure known for his bravery and loyalty to his family.

• Lineage: He was Pabuji’s nephew and sought to avenge the death of his father and uncle by defeating Jindrao Khinchi, the King of Jayal.
• Temples: His temples are located in Kolumand (Jodhpur) and Simbhuda (Bikaner).
• Alternate Name: In Himachal Pradesh, he is known as Balaknath.

JUNJHAR JI

Junjhar Ji is remembered as a martyr who sacrificed his life to protect cows.

• Place of Birth: He was born in Imloha (Sikar).
• Martyrdom: He was killed while protecting cows in Syalodra (Sikar), where a temple commemorates his bravery.
• Fair: A fair is held on Ramnavami at this temple.

MAMADEV

Mamadev is known as the deity of rain, responsible for ensuring good rainfall and prosperity.

• Worship Practice: Instead of a temple, he is honored through a toran (decorative gate) placed outside villages.
• Rituals: To please Mamadev, villagers traditionally sacrifice a buffalo.

VEER PHATTA JI

Veer Phatta Ji is revered for his valor and devotion.

• Main Temple: His temple is situated in Santhu (Jalore).
• Fair: A fair in his honor is held on Bhadrapad Shukla Navami, attracting many devotees.

ALAM JI

Alam Ji is known as the horse protector deity.

• Main Temple: Located in Dhori Manna (Barmer).
• Role: He is believed to protect horses and ensure their well-being, making him a guardian for those who rely on horses.

DONGJI-JAWAHAR JI

Dongji-Jawahar Ji were known as feudal lords and social bandits.

• Role: They were feudal lords of Bathot-Patoda (Sikar) and later became Robin Hood-like figures, looting the rich to help the poor.
• Allies: They were supported by Lothuji Nitharwal, Karanaji Meena, Baluji Nai, and Sankhuji Lohar.
• Historical Acts: They famously looted Agra Jail and Nasirabad Cantonment of the British, making them local heroes.

KHETLA JI

Khetla Ji is known for his powers of healing speech-related issues.

• Main Temple: Situated in Sonana (Pali).
• Fair: A fair is held in his honor on Chaitra Shukla Ekam.
• Significance: People bring children with stammering issues to the temple, seeking divine help for their speech.

FOLK GODDESSES OF RAJASTHAN

The folk goddesses of Rajasthan play a significant role in the cultural and spiritual life of the region. They are revered not only for their divine powers but also for their association with social, environmental, and communal values. Here is a detailed overview of some of the key folk goddesses:

KARNI MATA

• Birth: Suaap (Jodhpur), Rajasthan, into a Charan family.
• Childhood Name: Riddhi Bai.
• Main Temple: Deshnok (Bikaner), known as the Temple of Mice. The temple is famous for the presence of rats, known as Kaaba. A sighting of a white Kaaba is considered particularly auspicious.
• Symbol: Eagle, symbolizing her power and protection.
• Title: Known as the “white-bearded old lady” due to her spiritual significance.
• Temple of Nehdi (Deshnok): Karni Mata lived here and worshipped Temderai Mataji.
• Beliefs: Devotees believe that Karni Mata has the power to protect against adversities and offer divine blessings.

JEEN MATA

• Main Temple: Raivasa (Sikar), situated amidst hills, where her followers come to seek her blessings.
• Family: Her brother Harsha’s temple is also built nearby on Harsha Hill.
• Construction: The temple of Jeen Mata was built by Feudal Hattad Mohil, a loyal follower of Chauhan King Prithviraj I.
• Role: She is considered the tutelary goddess of the region and is often invoked for protection and guidance.
• Folk Song: The folk song dedicated to Jeen Mata is one of the longest and reflects the devotion of her followers.
• Title: Jeen Mata is referred to as the “Goddess of honey bees”, symbolizing her nurturing and protective nature.
• Historical Significance: It is said that Aurangzeb sent ghee for the temple lamps and presented a chhatra (canopy) as a mark of respect for Jeen Mata.

KAILA MATA

• Main Temple: Located on the Trikut Hill of Karauli, Rajasthan.
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Jadaun dynasty of Karauli.
• Beliefs: Devotees believe that Kaila Mata is Hanuman’s mother Ajni and Krishna’s sister, linking her to the broader Hindu mythology.
• Followers: Her devotees are known as Languria.
• Fair: Held during Chaitra Shukla Ashtami, the festival celebrates her gentle nature. Unlike other Shakti deities, Kaila Mata is considered a calm and compassionate goddess, so her fair is celebrated only during Chaitra Navratra.
• Special Site: In front of her temple lies the Cenotaph of Bohra Devotee, where young children are treated for ailments, adding a healing aspect to her worship.

SAKRAYA MATA (SHAKAMBHARI MATA)

• Main Temple: Udaipurwati, Rajasthan.
• Other Names: Also known as Shakambhari Mata, symbolizing her nurturing nature.
• Clan Association: She is the tutelary goddess of the Chauhan clan and the clan deity of the Khandelwal community.
• Other Temples:
  1. Sambhar (Jaipur)
  2. Saharanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
• Role: She is revered for her protective powers and is believed to bless devotees with prosperity.

ASHAPURA MATA

• Main Temples: Located in Nadoul (Pali) and Modara (Jalore).
• Clan Deity: She is the clan goddess of the Chauhan and Bissa Brahmins.
• Worship Practices: Women who worship Ashapura Mata refrain from applying henna on their hands as a sign of respect during rituals.

TANAUT MATA

• Main Temple: Tannaut (Jaisalmer), a place of great reverence.
• Devotees: The Border Security Force (BSF) soldiers worship her, seeking protection and blessings while serving on the border.
• Titles: Known as the “Vaishno Devi of Thar” and the “Goddess of Handkerchief”, she is believed to protect against dangers and adversities.

SWANGIA MATA

• Main Temple: Bhadariya (Jaisalmer).
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Bhati dynasty of Jaisalmer.
• Symbol: Sugan Chirri (a bird), representing protection and watchfulness.
• Connection: Awad Mata is considered an incarnation of Swangia Mata. Her temple is also built in Jaisalmer.
• Special Site: Bhadariya is known for housing the largest underground library in the world, adding a cultural aspect to her worship site.

AAYI MATA

• Main Temple: Bilada (Jodhpur).
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Sirvi community.
• Temple Traditions: Her main temple is known as Badare, while other associated temples are referred to as Dargah.
• Special Beliefs: It is believed that saffron drips from the flame of the lamp in her main temple, and the lamp’s flame does not blacken the walls, symbolizing her purity.
• Connection to Ramdevji: As a disciple of Ramdevji, Aayi Mata advocated for removing untouchability and promoting Hindu-Muslim unity.

SACCHIYAI MATA

• Main Temple: Osian (Jodhpur), Rajasthan.
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Oswal (Baniya) community.
• Temple Architecture: The temple was built by the Gurjara-Pratihar dynasty in the Mahamaru style, known for its intricate carvings and historical significance.

RANI SATI (NARAYANI DEVI)

• Real Name: Narayani Devi.
• Main Temple: Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan.
• Historical Background: She became Sati with her husband Tandhandas Agarwal and is revered as Grandma Daadi Sati, symbolizing devotion and sacrifice.

NARAYANI DEVI

• Main Temple: Alwar, Rajasthan.
• Background: She belonged to the barber community and became Sati with her husband. She is now the clan goddess of the barber caste.
• Devotees: The Meena community also worships her, reflecting her broad spiritual influence.

SUNDA MATA

• Main Temple: Situated in the hills of Jaswantpura near Bhinmal in Jalore.
• Special Site: A ropeway provides access to the temple, and the area also features a bear sanctuary, highlighting the temple’s connection to nature and wildlife.

CHAMUNDA MATA

• Main Temple: Located in the Mehrangarh Fort of Jodhpur.
• Historical Incident: An accident occurred on 30 September 2008 during a religious gathering at the temple, leading to the formation of the Jasram Chopra Commission for investigation.

SHEETLA MATA

• Main Temple: Chaksu (Jaipur), Rajasthan.
• Construction: Built by Madhosingh I.
• Role: She is worshipped as the protector goddess against smallpox and other infectious diseases. Sterile women often pray to her seeking blessings for children.
• Unique Belief: Sheetla Mata is the only goddess whose broken idol is worshipped, signifying acceptance of imperfections.

AWARI MATA

• Main Temple: Located in Nikumbh (Chittorgarh), Rajasthan.
• Healing Powers: Awari Mata’s temple is known for its miraculous healing powers, particularly for paralyzed individuals. Devotees come to seek relief and blessings for recovery.

BADLI MATA

• Main Temple: Situated in Akola (Chittorgarh).
• Healing Powers: The temple is known for treating small children, especially those suffering from health ailments, offering comfort to families seeking divine intervention.

MAHAMAYA

• Main Temple: Located in Mavli (Udaipur).
• Healing Powers: Mahamaya’s temple is another important site where small children are brought for treatment and blessings, emphasizing the goddess’s nurturing aspect.

AMBIKA MATA

• Main Temple: Jagat (Udaipur).
• Cultural Significance: The temple is famously known as the “Khajuraho of Mewar” due to its intricate carvings and architectural beauty. It is named after the Khajuraho temples in Madhya Pradesh, built by the Chandel kings, reflecting similar artistic grandeur.

BHADANA MATA

• Main Temple: Kota, Rajasthan.
• Healing Powers: The temple is particularly known for providing relief to those suffering from the ill effects of black magic, making it a place of spiritual protection.

BRAHMINI MATA

• Main Temple: Sansaran (Baran).
• Unique Worship: She is the only goddess whose back is worshipped, symbolizing a unique aspect of reverence.
• Special Fair: A donkey fair is organized on Magh Shukla Saptami, reflecting local traditions and practices.

TRIPUR SUNDARI

• Main Temple: Talwada (Banswara).
• Other Names: Also known as “Turtai Mata”, revered for her divine beauty and power. The temple attracts many devotees seeking her blessings.

JWALA MATA

• Main Temple: Jobner (Jaipur).
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Khangarotha (Kachwaha) community, playing an important role in their spiritual life.

CHEEK MATA

• Main Temple: Jaipur, Rajasthan.
• Fair: A fair is held in her honor on Magha Shukla Saptami, attracting a large number of devotees.

NAKATI MATA

• Main Temple: Jai Bhawanipura (Jaipur).
• Symbolism: Known as the goddess with a broken nose, symbolizing a story of sacrifice or divine intervention, which makes her worship unique among her followers.

KEVAIYE MATA

• Main Temple: Kinsaria (Nagaur).
• Significance: Known for offering divine protection and guidance to her devotees.

DADHIMATI MATA

• Main Temple: Goth, Manglod (Nagaur).
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Dadhich Brahmins, making her an important figure in the spiritual practices of this community.

BHANWAL MATA

• Main Temple: Bhanwal, Merta (Nagaur).
• Special Offering: Devotees offer 2 and 1/2 cups of liquor as part of the traditional rituals, reflecting a unique form of devotion and local customs.

MARKANDI MATA

• Main Temple: Nimaz (Pali).
• Role: She is revered for her protective powers and divine guidance, attracting many devotees to her temple.

SHEMKARI MATA

• Main Temple: Bhinmal (Jalore).
• Role: Known for her spiritual strength and protection, she holds a significant place in the religious practices of the region.

HARSHAD MATA

• Main Temple: Abhaneri (Dausa).
• Significance: Harshad Mata’s temple is an ancient site, known for its spiritual importance and architectural beauty.

JILADI MATA

• Main Temple: Alwar, Rajasthan.
• Role: She is a protective deity, worshipped for guidance and spiritual strength.

GHEVAR MATA

• Main Temple: Rajsamand, associated with the foundation of Rajsamand Lake.
• Significance: She is revered as a guardian deity for the region, and her blessings are sought for prosperity and well-being.

RAJESHWARI MATA

• Main Temple: Bharatpur, Rajasthan.
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Bharatpur dynasty (Jat), making her an integral part of their spiritual traditions.

LATIAL MATA

• Main Temple: Faludi (Jodhpur).
• Clan Association: She is the clan goddess of the Kalla Brahmins, revered for her protection and blessings.

KANTESARI MATA

• Role: She is considered the clan goddess of tribal communities, providing spiritual guidance and protection to those who worship her.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF FOLK GODDESSES AND GODESSES TO THE CULTURE

Folk gods and goddesses in Rajasthan have played a significant role in shaping the cultural, social, and spiritual landscape of the region. Their teachings, practices, and traditions continue to influence social norms, cultural practices, and spiritual values. Here is an overview of their contributions:

1. Social Reforms

The teachings and actions of folk deities and saints have greatly contributed to social reforms, challenging established norms and promoting equality and inclusiveness. Their focus on social harmony has left a lasting impact on the community.

• Hindu-Muslim Unity: Saints like Ramdevji and Goga Ji are revered by both Hindus and Muslims, symbolizing inter-religious unity and mutual respect. Their shrines serve as common places of worship, fostering a sense of communal harmony and peaceful coexistence.
• Abolition of Untouchability: Ramdevji and Pabuji advocated for social equality, speaking out against untouchability and the discrimination of lower castes. They worked towards eradicating caste barriers, promoting the dignity of all individuals, regardless of social status.
• Women Empowerment: Folk goddesses like Meera Bai and Rana Bai have been symbols of strength and independence, inspiring women’s empowerment through their spiritual devotion and unwavering commitment. They have shown that women can play a central role in spiritual and cultural life, challenging patriarchal norms.
• Opposition to Brahmanism (Opposition to Idolatry): Saints like Dadu Dayal and Ramcharan Ji opposed Brahmanical rituals and idolatry, emphasizing a direct and personal relationship with God. Their focus on Nirgun Bhakti (devotion to a formless God) helped simplify spiritual practices and made them more accessible to the common people.

2. Message of Environmental and Animal Protection

Many folk deities and saints, such as Jambhoji of the Bishnoi community, have advocated for environmental conservation and protection of animals. Their teachings emphasize the importance of preserving nature and living in harmony with the environment. For example:

• Jambhoji‘s followers refrain from cutting green trees and harming wildlife.
• Goga Ji is revered as a protector of snakes, symbolizing respect for animal life.

3. Protection of Religion and Nationality

Folk deities like Kallaji and Goga Ji are known for their bravery and commitment to protecting their faith and community. They played pivotal roles in defending their region and beliefs against foreign invaders and upholding their cultural heritage. Their stories inspire patriotism and loyalty to one’s roots.

4. Prevention of Sufferings

Folk goddesses like Sheetla Mata are worshipped as protectors against diseases, such as smallpox. Devotees believe that their blessings can ward off ailments and prevent sufferings, offering hope and comfort in times of difficulty.

5. Moral and Spiritual Upliftment

The teachings of saints like Dadu Dayal, Charandas Ji, and Meera Bai focus on inner purity, honesty, and compassion. Their emphasis on spiritual upliftment has guided people to live virtuous lives, maintaining a balance between worldly duties and spiritual devotion.

6. Emphasis on Simple Devotion – Nirgun Bhakti

Many saints, such as Dadu Dayal and Charandas Ji, promoted Nirgun Bhakti, which emphasizes devotion to a formless God without the need for elaborate rituals. This approach made spirituality more inclusive and accessible to the common people, focusing on pure and heartfelt devotion.

7. Promotion of Folk Culture

Folk deities and saints have played a key role in preserving and promoting traditional dance forms, such as Agni dance and Terathali dance, which are integral to Rajasthan’s cultural identity. These performances reflect the vibrant spirit of the region and keep cultural traditions alive.

8. Promotion of Folk Literature and Folk Language

Saints like Kavi Durlab and Mavji composed bhajans, poems, and stories in local languages, enriching folk literature. Their works have kept vernacular languages alive, making spiritual teachings accessible to the masses through stories and songs.

9. Promotion of Painting

Folk traditions have contributed to artistic heritage, such as the Phad paintings associated with Pabuji and Devnarayan Ji, and the Pichhwai paintings of the Vallabh Sampradaya in Nathdwara. These art forms are a visual celebration of spiritual stories and are integral to Rajasthan’s cultural richness.

10. Architecture – Temples and Mosques

The construction of temples, such as the temple of Karni Mata in Deshnok, and shrines dedicated to folk saints has significantly enriched Rajasthan’s architectural heritage. These sites serve as cultural landmarks, showcasing architectural styles that blend local traditions with spiritual significance.

Importance of Fairs and Festivals

Fairs and festivals play a central role in preserving traditions and fostering social cohesion. They are essential for both spiritual gatherings and economic activities in Rajasthan. Here are some of their key contributions:

1. Harmony in Life: Festivals bring people together, promoting a sense of unity and harmony within the community. They provide opportunities to connect with others and celebrate shared values.
2. Transfer of Social Values: Fairs and festivals help in transmitting cultural values and traditions from one generation to another. Through rituals, stories, and celebrations, they ensure that cultural knowledge and social values are preserved.
3. Economic Benefits: Festivals significantly boost the local economy by attracting tourists, generating revenue, and supporting small businesses. They provide a marketplace for artisans and contribute to the development of tourism.
4. Promotion of Handicrafts: Fairs often serve as market centers for traditional crafts, such as pottery, textiles, and jewelry. This provides artisans with a platform to showcase their work and helps preserve traditional craftsmanship.
5. Main Center for Buying and Selling of Animals: Cattle fairs, like the famous Pushkar Camel Fair, serve as trading hubs for livestock, facilitating economic exchanges between farmers and traders.
6. Sports Competitions: Festivals often include traditional sports, such as wrestling, kabaddi, and horse racing. These competitions revive ancient sports traditions and serve as entertainment for the community.
7. Social Harmony: By bringing together people from different backgrounds and communities, fairs foster a sense of social unity and mutual respect, enhancing communal harmony.
8. Center of Entertainment: Beyond their religious significance, festivals provide entertainment through folk dances, music, and cultural performances, making them a time for joy and celebration.
9. Familiarity with Tribal Culture: During festivals, tribal families present their unique customs, dances, and rituals, helping in preserving tribal heritage and offering an opportunity for others to learn about their rich cultural traditions.
10. International Popularity: Some festivals, such as the Desert Festival of Jaisalmer and the Pushkar Fair, have gained international recognition, attracting tourists from around the world. This helps to promote Rajasthan’s culture globally and enhances the state’s reputation as a center of vibrant traditions.