AGRICULTURE IN RAJASTHAN

AGRICULTURE IN RAJASTHAN

Agriculture in Rajasthan is intricately linked to the state’s unique geographical and climatic conditions. Often referred to as the “Gamble of Monsoon,” agriculture here is highly dependent on the seasonal rains. Despite the challenges posed by the arid landscape and fluctuating rainfall, Rajasthan remains a key agricultural state in India, with significant contributions to both the national economy and international trade.

Geographical Influence on Agriculture

• Plains

Referred to as the “Heartland of Agriculture,” plains are more fertile and thus support the majority of agricultural activities in the state. The fertility and relative abundance of water in the plains make them the primary zones for crop cultivation.

• Aravalli Region

The Aravalli range, stretching across Rajasthan, has a more limited role in agricultural practices due to its topography. In this region, agriculture is practiced at a minimum level due to the rugged terrain and low water availability.

• Agricultural Zones

Rajasthan is divided into 10 agricultural zones, each with distinct characteristics shaped by factors such as soil type, rainfall, and irrigation potential. For context, India as a whole has 15 agricultural zones, reflecting the diversity of farming environments across the country.

 

Importance of Agriculture

1. Contribution to Employment: Agriculture remains a major source of employment in both Rajasthan and India.
   • India: 54.6% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture.
   • Rajasthan: 62% of the state’s population relies on agriculture for their livelihood.

 

Contribution of Agriculture to Employment

Region	Employment Contribution (%)
India	54.6%
Rajasthan	62%

 

1. Contribution to International Trade: Rajasthan plays a critical role in India’s agricultural exports and imports.
   • Exports: Major exports include food grains, particularly wheat, barley, and bajra (pearl millet).
   • Imports: Rajasthan imports edible oil, which is vital for domestic consumption due to insufficient production within the state.
2. Contribution to GDP: Agriculture contributes significantly to both the state and national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The share of agriculture in GDP at different price levels is as follows:
   • Current Price (2019-20): 26.30% (Provisional)
   • Estimated for 2020-21: 29.77%
   • Constant Price (2011-12): 26.73% (Provisional for 2019-20) and 29.45% (Estimate for 2020-21).
3. Contribution to Industry: Agriculture supports approximately 15% of the industries in Rajasthan, with major dependencies seen in:
   • Cotton Industry
   • Sugar Industry

 

Types of Agriculture in Rajasthan

Agriculture in Rajasthan can be classified into various categories based on both general and scientific principles. These classifications reflect the diversity of agricultural practices in the state, influenced by environmental conditions and local traditions.

 

General Classification

1. Mined Agriculture: A combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, this practice is prevalent in semi-arid regions, utilizing both crop cultivation and livestock farming for sustainability.
2. Khadeen Agriculture: Unique to the playo lakes (dry lake beds) of the Thar Desert, particularly in areas like Jaisalmer, Khadeen Agriculture is a water-efficient technique used by Paliwal Brahmins. This method traps rainwater for crop production in an otherwise arid zone.
3. Barani Agriculture: Also known as rainfed agriculture, Barani agriculture depends solely on monsoon rains without any supplemental irrigation. It is commonly practiced in the dry regions of Rajasthan, such as Barmer.
4. Mono Culture: The cultivation of a single crop in a given field during one agricultural year. This is a common practice in Rajasthan’s more fertile regions where crop specialization can enhance productivity.
5. Duo Culture: In contrast to monoculture, duo culture involves the cultivation of two crops in a field during one agricultural year, allowing farmers to diversify their crop yield.
6. Oligo Culture: A step further from duo culture, oligo culture supports the cultivation of three crops in a field during one agricultural year. This method ensures efficient use of land and resources.
7. Relay Culture: The most intensive system, relay culture allows for the cultivation of four crops within a single year on the same land. Though rare, it is used in regions with a favorable climate and water availability.
8. Shifting Agriculture: Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, this technique involves the clearing of forests for temporary cultivation. Once the soil loses fertility, farmers move to another area, allowing the previously cultivated land to regenerate.

 

Scientific Classification of Agriculture

Rajasthan’s agriculture is also classified scientifically based on the crops grown or the techniques used. Below is an expanded list of scientific classifications:

• Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms for silk production.
• Apiculture: Beekeeping for honey production.
• Viticulture: Cultivation of grapes.
• Vermiculture: Use of earthworms to enhance soil fertility.
• Pomoculture: Cultivation of fruits such as apples, pears, and citrus.
• Horticulture: Cultivation of gardens and ornamental plants.
• Floriculture: Growing flowers for both aesthetic and commercial purposes.
• Pisciculture: Rearing of fish in controlled environments.
• Pliviculture: Cultivation of olives, an emerging industry in Rajasthan.
• Silviculture: Growing forests for timber and non-timber products.
• Olericulture: Cultivation of vegetables.

 

Alias for Agriculture Types:

Different terms are used in different regions for shifting agriculture:

• Chimate: Shifting agriculture in hilly areas.
• Dajiya: Shifting agriculture in plains.
• Waba Agriculture: Practiced mostly by the Bheel community in Rajasthan.

Shifting Agriculture in India and Rajasthan

Region	Maximum Practice of Shifting Agriculture
India	Nagaland, Assam
Rajasthan	Udaipur, Banswara

 

Other Types of Agriculture:

1. Truck Farming: This refers to the production of perishable farming products such as vegetables, fruits, flowers, and milk, which are transported quickly to urban centers by trucks.
2. Contour Farming: Practiced on sloping mountain terrain, this method of farming helps reduce soil erosion by following the natural contours of the land.
3. Arid Agriculture: Practiced in areas with less than 75 cm of rainfall, such as parts of Rajasthan where water scarcity dictates agricultural techniques.
4. Humid Agriculture: Practiced in regions that receive more than 75 cm of rainfall, allowing for diverse crop cultivation.

 

Agriculture and Monsoons

Agriculture in Rajasthan is closely tied to the monsoon season, often referred to as the “Gamble of Monsoon.” This reflects the uncertainty of rainfall in the region, which significantly affects agricultural output. In the arid regions of Rajasthan, farming is practiced minimally due to the harsh environmental conditions, while in the plains, known as the “Heartland of Agriculture,” the land is more fertile, supporting larger-scale farming.

• Total Agricultural Zones:
  • Rajasthan: 10 agricultural zones
  • India: 15 agricultural zones in total

 

Importance of Agriculture:

• Contribution to Employment: Agriculture is a critical sector in India and Rajasthan, providing employment to a substantial portion of the population.

• India: 54.6% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture.
• Rajasthan: 62% of the state’s population relies on agriculture for their livelihood.

 

Contribution of Agriculture to Employment

Region	Employment Contribution (%)
India	54.6%
Rajasthan	62%

• Contribution to International Trade:

• Exports: Rajasthan contributes to India’s food grain exports, including wheat, pearl millet (bajra), and barley.
• Imports: Rajasthan imports edible oils, which are crucial for domestic consumption, as local oilseed production is insufficient.

• Contribution to GDP: Agriculture plays a significant role in both the state and national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The contribution of agriculture to GDP at different price levels is as follows:

• Current Price (2019-20): 26.30% (Provisional)
• Estimated for 2020-21: 29.77%
• Constant Price (2011-12): 26.73% (Provisional for 2019-20), and 29.45% (Estimate for 2020-21).

• Industrial Dependence on Agriculture: Approximately 15% of industries in Rajasthan are dependent on agriculture. The largest industries that rely on agriculture include:

• Cotton Industry
• Sugar Industry

 

CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

 

Based on Seasons:

• Kharif Crops:

1. • Temperature Requirement: 20°C–30°C.
   • Sowing Period: June to July.
   • Harvesting Period: September to October.
   • Examples: Millet, rice, maize, groundnut, cotton, soyabean, jute, and green pulse.

Major Kharif Crops in Rajasthan

Crop	Sowing Period	Harvesting Period
Millet	June–July	September–October
Rice	June–July	September–October
Groundnut	June–July	September–October
Cotton	June–July	September–October

• Rabi Crops (15°C–20°C)

Rabi crops, grown during the cooler months of the year, are sown in October and November and harvested by March or April. These crops are essential to Rajasthan’s agricultural economy, contributing significantly to the food and oilseed sectors.

• Examples of Rabi Crops: Wheat, gram, peas, barley, mustard, fenugreek, taramira, isabgol, coriander, garlic, ginger, opium, tobacco, turmeric, cumin, linseed, chili, lentils.

• Zayd Crops

Zayd crops are summer crops, grown in the interval between the Rabi and Kharif seasons, typically from March/April to May/June. These crops thrive during hot weather and are important for ensuring a steady supply of fresh produce during the summer months.

• Examples of Zayd Crops: Green vegetables, watermelon, musk melon.

 

Crop Types by Season in Rajasthan

Crop Type	Sowing Period	Harvesting Period	Examples
Kharif	June–July	September–October	Millet, rice, maize, groundnut, cotton
Rabi	October–November	March–April	Wheat, barley, mustard, fenugreek
Zayd	March–April	May–June	Green vegetables, watermelon, musk melon

 

Note: Out of the total agricultural crops grown in Rajasthan, 65% are Kharif crops, and 35% are Rabi crops.

 

Classification of Crops Based on Uses

Food Grain Crops:

Food grain crops are vital for meeting the dietary needs of the population, with both Kharif and Rabi varieties contributing significantly to Rajasthan’s agricultural output.

• Rabi Food Grains: Wheat, barley.
• Kharif Food Grains: Rice, millet, maize, kwar (cluster bean).

Major Food Grain Crops

Region	Main Food Grain Crop
Rajasthan	Millet
India	Rice

 

Oilseed Crops:

Oilseed crops are crucial for the production of edible oils, biodiesel, and industrial raw materials. Rajasthan grows a variety of oilseeds during both the Kharif and Rabi seasons.

• Rabi Oilseeds: Mustard, taramira, linseed.
• Kharif Oilseeds: Sesame, groundnut, sunflower, soybean, castor.
• Olive Oil Production in Rajasthan:
  • Olive Plantations: Bassi, Jaipur.
  • Olive Oil Refineries: Lunkaransar.

 

• Biodiesel Production:
  • Ratanjot/Jatropha: Biodiesel plants are located in Jhamar Kotda (Udaipur) and Khaladwas (Udaipur).
  • Karanj: Biodiesel produced in Bharatpur, Dholpur, and Karauli regions.

 

Fibre Crops:

Fibre crops, such as cotton and jute, are essential for the textile industry. Rajasthan’s cotton industry is particularly significant, given the arid conditions that suit cotton farming.

• Examples: Cotton, jute.

 

Pulses (Crops Enhancing Soil Fertility):

Pulses are critical for improving soil fertility due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. They are cultivated during both Kharif and Rabi seasons.

• Kharif Pulses: Green pulses, moth, urad.
• Rabi Pulses: Gram.

 

Cash/Trade Crops:

Cash crops are grown primarily for sale rather than for subsistence. These crops are used as raw materials in various industries.

• Kharif Cash Crops: Cotton, groundnut, guar, sugarcane.
• Rabi Cash Crops: Mustard.

 

Pen Names for Main Crops: Certain crops in Rajasthan have earned colloquial nicknames due to their importance in the economy: Cotton: White Gold  Opium: Black Gold  Jatropha (Jojoba): Yellow Gold or Gold of the Desert  Bamboo: Green Gold of Tribes Sorghum: Bread of the Poor Isabgol: Horse Cumin Jute: Golden Fibre Groundnut: Almonds of the Poor Maize: Queen of Grains

 

Agriculture in Rajasthan is not just a source of livelihood but also a significant contributor to the industrial and trade sectors. The state’s agricultural system, divided into Kharif, Rabi, and Zayd crops, is well-suited to its climatic conditions. From food grains to oilseeds, fibres, and cash crops, the diversity of agricultural products in Rajasthan reflects both traditional practices and modern innovations aimed at maximizing productivity in a challenging environment.

 

PHYSIOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR MAIN AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Physiographic conditions, including temperature, rainfall, and soil type, are critical factors that determine the suitability of crops grown in Rajasthan. Below is a table summarizing these conditions for some of the main crops cultivated in the region:

Physiographic Conditions for Main Agricultural Crops

Crops	Temperature Range (°C)	Rainfall (cm)	Soil Type
Cotton	20–30°C	50–100 cm	Light Black, Regur Soil
Maize	21–27°C	50–80 cm	Red Loamy Soil
Millet	30–35°C	50 cm	Loamy Soil
Sugarcane	15–25°C	127 cm	Clayey Soil
Wheat	15–20°C	75 cm	Alluvial Soil
Mustard	15–20°C	100 cm	Alluvial Soil
Groundnut	25–30°C	50–75 cm	Alluvial Soil
Rice	20–27°C	150–200 cm	Alluvial Soil
Tea	20–27°C	150–200 cm	Alluvial Soil

EFFORTS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN RAJASTHAN

The agricultural sector in Rajasthan has benefited from several national and regional revolutions aimed at improving productivity and sustainability. These revolutions focus on specific types of crops and agricultural commodities, as well as on technological improvements.

1. Green Revolution: Focused on increasing food grain production, particularly wheat and rice.
   • Father of the Green Revolution (World): Norman Borlaug (USA)
   • Father of the Green Revolution (India): M. S. Swaminathan
   • Most Benefited Crops: Wheat (North India), Rice (South India)
   • Disadvantaged Crops: Maize, Millet
2. White Revolution: Focused on increasing milk production in India through dairy development.
   • Impact: Transformation of India into the largest milk producer in the world.
3. Yellow Revolution: Aimed at increasing the production of oilseeds, especially mustard.
4. Blue Revolution: Focused on promoting fisheries and improving fish production.
5. Red Revolution: Targeted at increasing the production of meat and tomatoes.
6. Silver Revolution: Aimed at increasing the production of eggs through poultry farming.
7. Nectar Revolution: Aimed at connecting rivers through water projects to improve irrigation and water availability.
8. Pink Revolution: Focused on improving the production of poultry, especially chicken, along with shrimp.
9. Golden Revolution: Aimed at promoting horticulture and the cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
10. Black Revolution: Focused on increasing petroleum production.
11. Round Revolution: Targeted at increasing potato production.
12. Grey Revolution (Dhoosar Revolution): Focused on the development of cement industries.
13. Almond Revolution: Aimed at increasing the production of spices.
14. Rainbow Revolution: Encompassed all food grains and aimed at improving agricultural productivity across sectors.
15. Sunrise Revolution: Focused on technical industries, particularly those that contribute to the growth of agriculture through technology.

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Agricultural Revolutions in Rajasthan

Agricultural revolutions, especially the Green Revolution and White Revolution, have had a profound impact on Rajasthan’s agricultural landscape. These revolutions brought about significant advancements but also presented certain challenges.

Advantages of Agricultural Revolutions:

1. Increased Food Grain Production: The Green Revolution significantly increased the yield of food grains such as wheat and rice, ensuring food security for the nation, including Rajasthan.
2. Improved Economic Conditions: The productivity boost enhanced farmers’ incomes, contributing to the overall improvement of economic conditions in rural areas.
3. Enhanced Social Status: With higher agricultural output, farmers experienced an increase in their social standing, which allowed them to invest in better housing, education, and healthcare.
4. Increased Employment in Agriculture-Related Industries: As agriculture became more mechanized and productive, numerous industries related to agriculture, such as food processing and packaging, saw increased employment opportunities.
5. Increased Per Capita Income: The rise in agricultural productivity and diversification into cash crops like mustard and cotton led to an increase in per capita income for farmers in Rajasthan.
6. Higher Per Hectare Production: The introduction of high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and modern farming techniques led to better utilization of land and an increase in crop production per hectare.
7. Growth in Food Grain Exports: Rajasthan contributed to India’s growing food grain exports, particularly wheat and barley, which improved the state’s agricultural economy.

 

Disadvantages of Agricultural Revolutions:

1. Increased Regional Disparities: The Green Revolution primarily benefited regions with access to water and irrigation facilities, leaving areas with water scarcity, such as western Rajasthan, behind.
2. Social Disparity: The wealth gap widened as large farmers, who could afford modern technology and inputs, benefited more than small or marginal farmers.
3. Increased Unemployment: Mechanization in agriculture reduced the demand for labor, leading to unemployment among agricultural workers in certain areas.
4. Reduction in Soil Fertility: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides degraded the soil’s natural fertility over time.
5. Salinity and Waterlogging Problems: Intensive irrigation led to salinity and waterlogging in some areas, further reducing agricultural productivity.

 

White Revolution (1970 AD)

The White Revolution, also known as “Operation Flood,” was spearheaded by Dr. Verghese Kurien and aimed at transforming India’s dairy industry. It made India the largest producer of milk in the world.

• Father of the White Revolution: Dr. Verghese Kurien
• Initiator of Operation Flood: Dr. Verghese Kurien in Anand, Gujarat
• Achievements:
  • India became the 1st in milk production globally.
  • Rajasthan is now the 2nd largest producer of milk in India, with Uttar Pradesh in 1st place and Gujarat in 3rd place.

Key Outcomes of the White Revolution:

• Rajasthan experienced an increase in dairy production and the formation of cooperative societies.
• Milk production in Rajasthan significantly contributed to the overall food security and economic development of rural areas.

 

AGRICULTURE AND FOREST RESEARCH CENTERS IN RAJASTHAN

Rajasthan has several research centers dedicated to agricultural development and forestry, each focusing on specific crops and agricultural practices. These centers are crucial for developing innovative techniques and improving crop yields.

List of Agricultural and Forestry Research Centers:

1. Arid Horticulture Research Centre, Bikaner (1993): Focuses on horticultural practices suited for arid regions.
2. National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer (Tibji, 2000): Specializes in research on seed spices such as cumin and coriander, which are vital crops in Rajasthan’s agricultural sector.
3. Mustard Research Centre, Bharatpur (Sewar) (1993): A center dedicated to improving mustard production, a significant oilseed crop in Rajasthan.
4. Millet Research Centre, Barmer: Focuses on improving millet varieties and yields, a staple crop in arid regions of Rajasthan.
5. Rice/Paddy Research Centre, Banswara: Dedicated to research on paddy cultivation, especially in the more humid parts of Rajasthan.
6. Maize Research Centre, Banswara: Engages in research to improve maize production, which is crucial for food security in the region.
7. Sorghum Research Centre, Udaipur (Vallabh Nagar): Specializes in research on sorghum, an important crop in Rajasthan’s dryland agriculture.
8. Psyllium Research Center, Jodhpur: Focuses on improving the cultivation of psyllium (Isabgol), an important medicinal crop in Rajasthan.
9. Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (RARI), Jaipur (Durgapura): A leading institute for overall agricultural research in Rajasthan, focusing on crop improvement and sustainable practices.
10. Berry Research Centre, Bikaner: Focuses on the cultivation of berries in arid climates.
11. Date Research Centre, Beechwal (Bikaner): Engaged in developing techniques for growing dates in Rajasthan’s desert climate.
12. Kajari Research Centre, Jodhpur: Specializes in innovative agricultural techniques suited to Rajasthan’s semi-arid regions.
13. Aafari Research Centre, Jaipur (Durgapura) (1943): One of the oldest agricultural research centers, focusing on enhancing agricultural productivity through various research initiatives.

 

BREED NAMES OF SOME CROPS IN RAJASTHAN

Different crops cultivated in Rajasthan have various high-yielding and region-specific breeds. These varieties have been developed through agricultural research to ensure better productivity, resistance to diseases, and suitability to Rajasthan’s climatic conditions.

Crop Varieties and Breeds in Rajasthan

Breed Name	Crop
Raj-171, RCB-2, MH-179	Millet
Kalyan Sona, Sonalika, Malvika, Kohinoor, Lerma	Wheat
Nrma (US Cotton)	Cotton
Mesta	Jute
Arun, Kiran, Prabhat, HM-8, HM-10, Mahi Kanchan, Mahi Dhawai	Maize
Basmati, Mahi Sugondhra, Parmal Chambal	Rice
Gaurav, Punjab-1, Possa-16, Max-13, T-1, Moneta	Soybean
Chandra	Groundnut
Varuna, Poosa Kalyoni, Poosa Jai Kishan, Poosa Bola Pitambari	Mustard
Langda, Dashri, Alphonso, Kesari, Totapari, Sindhu	Mango
Nicotina-Rastika, Nicotina-Tubekam	Tobacco

 

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN RAJASTHAN

Several national programs and missions have been launched to promote agricultural development in Rajasthan, focusing on horticulture, water conservation, bamboo production, and medicinal plants, among others.

1. National Horticulture Mission

• Started in: 2005–06
• Objective: To promote horticulture by increasing the production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticultural crops.
• Contribution: The cost-sharing ratio between the Centre and the State is 60:40.
• Rajasthan’s Coverage: 24 districts from Rajasthan are included in this mission.

2. National Micro Irrigation / On-Farm Water Mission

• Started in: 2005–06
• Objective: To promote the use of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems for efficient water usage and sustainable agriculture.
• Focus: Effective utilization of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.

3. National Agriculture Development Project

• Started in: 2007–08
• Objective: To promote investment in agriculture by providing financial and technical support to farmers.
• Contribution: The Centre and the State share the costs in a 60:40 ratio.

4. National Bamboo Mission

• Started in: 2007–08
• Objective: To promote bamboo cultivation in Rajasthan and increase the production of bamboo for industrial and economic use.
• Operationalization: The mission is operational in 12 districts of Rajasthan, mostly located to the east of the Aravalli Range, except for Sirohi. The districts included are Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittor, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Sirohi, Banswara, Bhilwara, Jhalawar, Baran, Karauli, and Sawai Madhopur.

5. National Medicinal Plant Mission / Ayush Mission

• Started in: 2009–10
• Objective: To promote the cultivation and commercial production of medicinal plants, particularly those with economic and health benefits.

6. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

• Started in: January 2016
• Theme: “One Nation, One Scheme”
• Objective: To provide comprehensive crop insurance coverage to farmers across India, including those in Rajasthan, to protect them against crop losses due to unforeseen circumstances such as droughts, floods, and pests.

 

Provisions under Agricultural Insurance and Support Schemes

Under various government schemes, farmers in Rajasthan are provided financial support through insurance and premium subsidies. These provisions aim to reduce the financial burden on farmers and encourage sustainable agriculture.

1. Premium Provisions:
   • 2% premium for Kharif crops.
   • 1.5% premium for Rabi crops.
   • 5% premium for Horticulture and cash crops.
2. Government Investment: The government will invest ₹8,800 crores in this project over the next three years, covering 50% of farmers under these schemes within this period.

 

1. Scheme Coverage:
   • The scheme is compulsory for holders of Kisan Credit Cards (KCC).
   • Insurance company: AICIL (Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd.) is responsible for providing insurance coverage.

 

Key Agricultural Projects in Rajasthan

1. Project Golden

According to the 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP), maize production in Udaipur and Banswara was particularly slow. Project Golden was initiated to improve the productivity of maize by using high-quality seed varieties.

2. Soil Health Card Scheme

• Started on: 19th February 2015
• Objective: To promote the proper utilization of fertilizers based on soil health, ensuring balanced nutrient application.
• Region: Initiated in Suratgarh, Rajasthan.

3. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

• Started in: 2015–16
• Objective: To provide water for irrigation to every farm by 2020 across India, ensuring sustainable and efficient water use.
• Theme: “Per Drop More Crop.”

4. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (PM-KISAN)

• Started in: February 2019
• Amount provided: ₹600 annually, distributed in three installments of ₹200 every four months. This scheme aims to provide direct income support to farmers.

 

Establishment of Agriculture Farms

Rajasthan has established various agricultural farms to promote research and innovation in farming practices, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. Two key farms are:

1. Suratgarh Agri Farm (Shri Ganganagar):
   • Established in 1956 AD.
   • Contributed by Russia, this was the first agricultural farm of Rajasthan.
2. Jaitsar Agri Farm (Shri Ganganagar):
   • Established in 1962 AD.
   • Contributed by Canada, this farm focuses on improving the productivity of crops in the region.

 

Establishment of Agricultural Universities in Rajasthan

Rajasthan is home to several agricultural universities that play a critical role in research, innovation, and the dissemination of agricultural knowledge. The universities focus on educating farmers, developing new crop varieties, and improving farming techniques.

Major Agricultural Universities in Rajasthan

University Name	Year of Establishment
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner	1987
Maharana Pratap Agriculture and Technical University, Udaipur	1999
Shri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner (Jaipur)	2013
Agricultural University, Mandore (Jodhpur)	2013
Agricultural University, Borkheda (Kota)	2013

 

Latest Agricultural Policy of Rajasthan (2013)

The Agricultural Policy of Rajasthan (2013) is a significant step towards enhancing the state’s agricultural productivity and addressing key challenges. The policy sets clear targets for improving agricultural output and increasing the area under cultivation.

1. Adopted on: 26th June 2013
2. Main Provisions:
   • Objective growth rate: 4% annually in agriculture.
   • Doubling food grain production: The policy aims to double the production of food grains within the next 10 years.
   • Annual agricultural expenditure: The planned expenditure on agriculture will be raised to 10% of the state’s budget, up from 6%.

Objective Rate of Agriculture in the 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP)

• Agriculture Growth Rate: 3.5% set by the state under the 12th FYP, focusing on increasing agricultural productivity and addressing regional challenges, particularly in arid zones.

Specialized Agriculture Centers in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has developed several specialized centers focused on specific crops. These centers play a pivotal role in enhancing productivity, improving crop varieties, and providing region-specific solutions.

1. Date Specialized Centre:
   • Location: Sagrabhojka, Jaisalmer.
   • Objective: Specializes in the production and research of date palms.
   • Contribution: Indo-Israel collaboration.
2. Orange Specialized Centre:
   • Location: Nanta, Kota.
   • Objective: Focuses on orange production, improving yield and quality.
   • Contribution: Indo-Israel collaboration.
3. Guava Specialized Centre:
   • Location: Tonk.
   • Objective: Specializes in guava production and research.
4. Mango Specialized Centre:
   • Location: Dholpur.
   • Objective: Focuses on enhancing mango production and promoting research on improved varieties.

 

Global Rajasthan Agritech Meet (GRAM)

The Global Rajasthan Agritech Meet (GRAM) is a major event designed to promote investment and collaboration in agriculture, horticulture, dairy, animal husbandry, and food processing in Rajasthan.

• Event Duration: 9th to 11th November 2016.
• Venue: Sitapura, Jaipur.
• Organizers: Rajasthan Government in partnership with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI).
• Objective: To attract investment in agriculture and allied sectors and foster growth through new technologies, collaborations, and research.
• Investment: ₹4,400 crore invested in this program.
• International Participation: Israel was the partner country, with participants from Iran, the Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, and Japan.

Subsequent GRAM Events:

• GRAM 2 (Kota): Held in 2017.
• GRAM 3 (Udaipur): Held in November 2017.
• GRAM 4 (Jodhpur): Proposed for the near future.

 

Agriculture Production in Rajasthan (Food Crops)

The food crop production in Rajasthan varies across the regions, depending on the geographical and climatic conditions. Below is an overview of the key food crops grown in the state, along with their primary regions of production.

Key Food Crops in Rajasthan:

1. Barley: Grown predominantly in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts.
2. Wheat: Primarily produced in the northern regions of Rajasthan, especially in Ganganagar.
3. Rice: Cultivated mainly in Bharatpur, Kota, and Alwar.
4. Millet (Bajra): A staple crop in Rajasthan, grown extensively in Bikaner, Nagaur, and Jodhpur.
5. Sorghum (Jowar): Grown in the southern and western regions of Rajasthan, including Barmer and Jaisalmer.

The provided map shows the distribution of food crops across Rajasthan, with arrows indicating the regions of major production for barley, wheat, rice, millet, and sorghum.

Pulse Production in Rajasthan

Pulses are a crucial component of Rajasthan’s agricultural output, providing a vital source of protein in the local diet. The state produces a variety of pulses, which are grown in different regions depending on climate and soil conditions.

Key Pulses and Their Regions of Production:

1. Gram: Primarily grown in Bikaner and Nagaur, these areas are known for their extensive gram cultivation, making them leaders in pulse production.
2. Mung (Green Gram): Grown extensively in Bikaner, this pulse is suited to arid and semi-arid regions.
3. Ahar (Pigeon Pea): Major production happens in Barmer and surrounding regions, which have the suitable soil and climate for this crop.
4. Moth: Found in regions like Alwar and Jaipur, moth is adapted to the drier conditions in these areas.
5. Chawla (Black-eyed Pea): Cultivated primarily in Bharatpur and Alwar regions.
6. Urad (Black Gram): Produced in Alwar and parts of Jaipur, this pulse is important for both local consumption and export.
7. Matki (Moth Bean): A hardy crop grown in Bharatpur and surrounding areas.

 

Maximum Pulse Production Regions:

The highest production of pulses comes from Nagaur and Bikaner, making them critical centers for pulse cultivation in Rajasthan.

Oilseed Production in Rajasthan

Rajasthan is also a leading producer of oilseeds, which are essential for the production of edible oils and industrial purposes. Different regions specialize in different types of oilseeds based on the climatic and soil conditions of the area.

Key Oilseeds and Their Regions of Production:

1. Groundnut: Cultivated in Alwar and Dausa, groundnut is one of the most important oilseed crops in the state.
2. Soybean: Kota and Baran regions are the main hubs for soybean production, which is used for both oil extraction and as a protein source.
3. Sesame: Grown predominantly in Barmer, sesame is a vital oilseed crop in Rajasthan’s arid regions.
4. Taramira (Eruca sativa): Produced mainly in Nagaur and Bikaner, taramira oil is used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.
5. Linseed: Alwar and Jaipur are the primary producers of linseed, which is used for oil production.
6. Arandi (Castor): Cultivated in the Barmer and Jaisalmer regions, castor oil is an important industrial product.

Maximum Oilseed Production Regions:

The largest production of oilseeds comes from Bikaner and Tonk, which are the leaders in cultivating multiple oilseed crops.

Cash Crops in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has a well-diversified agricultural base, with a significant portion of land dedicated to cash crops. Cash crops are cultivated primarily for sale rather than for subsistence and are integral to the state’s economy, contributing to exports and the industrial sector. Below is an overview of the key cash crops grown in Rajasthan and their regions of cultivation.

Key Cash Crops and Their Regions of Production:

1. Guar (Cluster Bean):

• Region: Primarily grown in Ganganagar and Bikaner.
• Importance: Guar is a highly profitable crop, and its gum is used extensively in industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and oil extraction (fracking).

2. Sugarcane:

• Region: Cultivated in the Ganganagar and Hanumangarh areas.
• Importance: Sugarcane is processed into sugar, jaggery, and molasses, and supports various agro-industries in Rajasthan.

3. Cotton:

• Region: Major cotton-producing areas include Ganganagar and Hanumangarh.
• Importance: Cotton is an essential cash crop for Rajasthan’s textile industry, contributing to the production of fabric, yarn, and other textile products.

4. Tobacco:

• Region: Grown in Kota and Bundi regions.
• Importance: Tobacco is primarily grown for commercial sale and is used in the production of cigarettes and other tobacco-related products.

Spice Crops in Rajasthan

Rajasthan is a significant producer of spices in India, contributing to both domestic consumption and exports. The climate and soil in different regions of the state are ideal for growing a variety of spice crops. Below is an overview of the main spice crops cultivated in Rajasthan and their regions of production.

Key Spice Crops and Their Regions of Production:

1. Jeera (Cumin) and Onion:

• Region: Grown mainly in the Jodhpur and surrounding areas. These crops thrive in the arid regions of Rajasthan.

2. Fenugreek (Methi), Anise (Saunf):

• Region: Jalore and Barmer are prominent producers of fenugreek and anise, which are used widely in cooking and for medicinal purposes.

3. Ginger:

• Region: Cultivated in Udaipur and Dungarpur districts, which have the suitable climatic conditions for ginger production.

4. Coriander:

• Region: Grown extensively in the Bundi and Kota areas, which are known for producing high-quality coriander.

5. Garlic:

• Region: Produced mainly in Kota and Jhalawar.

6. Turmeric:

• Region: Cultivated in Bundi and Kota, turmeric is used extensively in Indian cuisine and has medicinal properties.

7. Red Chilli:

• Region: Produced in Dausa and Alwar. These regions have the suitable climate for cultivating red chillies, which are used as a spice and in food processing.

 

Maximum Spice Production Areas:

The Jhalawar, Kota, and Baran regions produce the maximum quantity of spices in Rajasthan, contributing significantly to the state’s economy.

Spice/Masala Parks:

• Mathaniya (Jodhpur): Known for its famous red chillies.
• Ramanganj Mandi: Another prominent area for spice production and trade

 

Horticulture and Fruit Production in Rajasthan

Rajasthan is home to a variety of horticultural crops, including fruits, which are cultivated in different regions of the state. Horticulture in Rajasthan is an important sector that supports both the local economy and export markets.

Key Fruit Crops and Their Regions of Production:

• Naseberry (Sapota), Grapes, Baer (Indian Jujube):
  • Region: These fruits are primarily grown in Jodhpur and Bikaner regions, where the climate is suitable for their cultivation.
• Mausmi (Sweet Lime), Kinnow, Citrus Fruits:
  • Region: The Ganganagar and Hanumangarh regions are known for citrus fruits, particularly kinnow and sweet lime. These fruits are widely consumed and exported.
• Guava:
  • Region: Produced in Alwar and surrounding regions, guava is a popular fruit in Rajasthan and has a high nutritional value.
• Orange:
  • Region: Kota and Jalore are the primary producers of oranges, which are cultivated for both domestic consumption and export.
• Papaya:
  • Region: Cultivated in Barmer, papaya is an important horticultural crop in the region.
• Seeta Fal (Custard Apple):
  • Region: Rajsamand and surrounding areas are known for custard apple production, a fruit prized for its unique taste and health benefits.
• Watermelon:
  • Region: Jaipur is a significant producer of watermelon, which is a summer fruit grown across the state.

Maximum Fruit Production Areas:

The Ganganagar, Bikaner, and Kota regions produce the largest quantities of horticultural crops, including fruits, contributing significantly to the state’s horticultural output.

Vegetable Production in Rajasthan

Vegetable farming is an essential component of Rajasthan’s agricultural sector, contributing to both local consumption and the state’s economy. Different vegetables are cultivated in various regions, depending on climate, soil types, and water availability.

Key Vegetables and Their Regions of Production:

• Radish, Bottle Gourd, Lady Finger (Okra), Brinjal, Carrot:
  • Region: Grown in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh regions, these vegetables are staples in the diet and thrive in areas with fertile soils.
• Green Chilli, Peas (Reas):
  • Region: Primarily produced in Alwar and surrounding regions. These crops are widely used in local cuisine and exported to other states.
• Potato:
  • Region: Dausa and nearby areas are key producers of potatoes, which are essential for food processing and local consumption.
• Cabbage:
  • Region: Cultivated in the Jodhpur area, cabbage is an important winter crop in Rajasthan.
• Cauliflower, Tinda (Round Gourd):
  • Region: Grown in the Bikaner region, these vegetables are suited to the cooler climates in the area and are widely consumed across the state.

 

Medicinal Crop Production in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has a rich tradition of cultivating medicinal crops, many of which are used in traditional Ayurvedic medicines, herbal treatments, and even modern pharmaceuticals. These crops contribute to the health and wellness sector in the state.

Key Medicinal Crops and Their Regions of Production:

• Isabgol (Psyllium Husk):
  • Region: Grown primarily in the Jaisalmer and Barmer regions, Isabgol is highly valued for its medicinal properties, particularly as a natural laxative.
• Aloe Vera:
  • Region: Cultivated in Alwar, Aloe Vera is widely used in skincare products, herbal remedies, and health supplements.
• Mehandi (Henna):
  • Region: The Sojat region in Rajasthan is famous for its high-quality henna, which is used for traditional body art and as a natural dye.
• Opium:
  • Region: Kota and surrounding areas are known for the controlled cultivation of opium, used for medicinal purposes and pharmaceutical production under strict regulations.
• Basi (Basil):
  • Region: Produced in Alwar, basil is known for its medicinal properties and is used in various health remedies and essential oils.