IRRIGATION IN RAJASTHAN
Mode of Irrigation
Irrigation is vital for agricultural productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Rajasthan. The state primarily uses the following modes of irrigation:
- Wells (24%)
Wells are a traditional and widely used method of irrigation in Rajasthan, particularly in areas like Jaipur. Groundwater is tapped to irrigate crops, but excessive dependence on wells has led to groundwater depletion in many regions. This method is more prevalent in regions with access to underground water tables.
- Tube Wells (42%)
Tube wells are modern versions of wells, using pumps to extract water from underground aquifers. They account for the largest share of irrigation (42%) in Rajasthan, particularly in Jaipur. The reliance on tube wells, however, presents challenges, such as groundwater depletion and the need for sustainable water management strategies.
- Canals (30%)
Canals are used in areas like Ganganagar, which benefits from the canal irrigation system, primarily the Indira Gandhi Canal. The canal system plays a significant role in irrigating farmlands and bringing green revolution technologies to the Thar Desert.
- Tanks (1%)
Tank irrigation is the least common form, used primarily in regions like Bhilwara. Tanks store rainwater and other runoff water for future agricultural use, providing irrigation during dry spells.
- Other (3%)
Other modes of irrigation, such as drip and sprinkler systems, account for 3% of the total irrigation in Rajasthan. These methods are being promoted for water conservation and increased efficiency in water use.
Classification of Irrigation Projects
The irrigation projects in Rajasthan are classified based on the irrigated area they cover:
- Small Irrigation Projects (0-2000 hectares)
These projects cover an area of up to 2,000 hectares and are common in areas where localized irrigation is sufficient. Small irrigation projects are essential for marginal and small farmers as they provide irrigation at the micro-level, promoting agricultural activities in smaller, fragmented landholdings. They have the maximum participation in terms of the number of projects.
- Medium Irrigation Projects (2000-10000 hectares)
Medium irrigation projects cover areas between 2,000 to 10,000 hectares. They typically involve river-based or canal-fed irrigation systems and are designed to support a wider area than small projects.
- Macro Irrigation Projects (More than 10000 hectares)
Macro irrigation projects cater to more than 10,000 hectares of land. These large-scale projects generally involve extensive infrastructure, such as major canals or dam-based irrigation systems, providing water to vast agricultural areas.
MULTI-PURPOSE PROJECTS
Definition and Purpose
A multipurpose project is defined as an infrastructure project designed to serve multiple objectives, such as irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydroelectric power generation. These projects play a crucial role in the sustainable development of a region by addressing various water-related needs.
Examples:
- Irrigation
- Drinking Water
- Hydropower Projects
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru referred to these multipurpose projects as the “temples of modern India” due to their transformative impact on the country’s agricultural and industrial landscape.
1st Multi-Purpose Projects Worldwide:
- World: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – USA (1933)
The TVA is a landmark multipurpose project that laid the foundation for large-scale hydroelectric, agricultural, and flood control projects in the USA. It continues to serve multiple states in the U.S. by managing water resources effectively.
- India: Damodar Valley Project (1948)
The Damodar Valley Project is India’s first major multipurpose project, initiated in 1948. It was designed for flood control, irrigation, and power generation in the Damodar River basin, and it continues to benefit the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand.
- Rajasthan: Rajasthan Canal (After 1950 AD)
Known as the Indira Gandhi Canal, this project commenced after 1950 and is a lifeline for Rajasthan, transforming the desert regions into agriculturally productive zones. It provides water for both irrigation and drinking purposes, especially in the northwestern districts of Rajasthan.
Modes of Irrigation in Rajasthan
| Mode of Irrigation | Percentage | Key Locations |
|---|---|---|
| Wells | 24% | Jaipur |
| Tube Wells | 42% | Jaipur |
| Canals | 30% | Ganganagar |
| Tanks | 1% | Bhilwara |
| Others | 3% | – |
The table above summarizes the various modes of irrigation used in Rajasthan, indicating the dominant methods like tube wells and canals. Tube wells make up 42% of the irrigation, demonstrating heavy reliance on groundwater, particularly in the Jaipur region.
Classification of Irrigation Projects
| Classification | Area Covered | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Small Irrigation Projects | 0-2000 hectares | Maximum participation; localized irrigation projects |
| Medium Irrigation Projects | 2000-10000 hectares | Wider coverage, typically river-based or canal-fed |
| Macro Irrigation Projects | More than 10,000 hectares | Large-scale irrigation with extensive infrastructure |
The table provides a detailed classification of irrigation projects in Rajasthan based on the area covered. Small irrigation projects have the maximum number of participations due to their localized reach.
Multipurpose Projects Timeline
| Project Name | Country | Year | Key Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tennessee Valley Authority | USA | 1933 | Hydroelectric, agricultural, flood control |
| Damodar Valley Project | India | 1948 | Irrigation, flood control, power generation |
| Rajasthan Canal | India | After 1950 | Irrigation, drinking water for Rajasthan |
This table outlines the first major multipurpose projects in different parts of the world, including the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in the USA, the Damodar Valley Project in India, and the Rajasthan Canal, which transformed Rajasthan’s desert landscape.
RIVER VALLEY AND CANAL MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS IN RAJASTHAN
Multipurpose Projects Overview
A multipurpose project is an infrastructural development initiative that serves several objectives simultaneously, such as irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, flood control, and water supply. In Rajasthan, multipurpose projects are crucial for optimizing water resource management, particularly in water-scarce regions.
There are two primary categories of multipurpose projects:
- River Valley Multipurpose Projects
These projects primarily focus on river systems, creating infrastructure like dams and reservoirs to manage river water for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and drinking water.
- Canal Multipurpose Projects
These projects are designed around canal networks, which distribute water from rivers, reservoirs, or dams to agricultural fields and settlements.
River Valley Multipurpose Projects
The major river valley multipurpose projects in Rajasthan include:
- Chambal Multipurpose Project
- Mahi Multipurpose Project
- Bhakra-Nangal Multipurpose Project (Satluj River)
- Vyas Multipurpose Project
- Renukaji Multipurpose Project (Giri River)
- Lakhwar Multipurpose Project
Each of these projects plays a key role in providing irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power to different regions in Rajasthan. Let’s focus on the Chambal Multipurpose Project, one of the most significant in the state.
- Chambal Multipurpose Project
Contribution:
The Chambal project is a joint effort between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, with each state contributing equally (50:50) to the project.
Phases of the Chambal Project:
The Chambal Multipurpose Project consists of three phases, with each phase contributing to the construction of major dams and infrastructure for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.
Three Phases of Chambal Project:
- 1st Phase:
- Gandhi Sagar Dam
- Kota Barrage
- 2nd Phase: Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
- 3rd Phase: Jawahar Sagar Dam (or Kota Dam)
Gandhi Sagar Dam:
- Location:
The Gandhi Sagar Dam is located in Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh. It is the highest and largest dam in the Chambal Multipurpose Project. - Hydropower Production Capacity:
The dam’s hydroelectric capacity is 115 MW, generated through five units, each producing 23 MW of power. This makes it a significant contributor to the electricity needs of the region.
Chambal Multipurpose Project Phases
| Phase | Dams Constructed | Functions |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Phase | Gandhi Sagar, Kota Barrage | Irrigation, Hydropower, Flood Control |
| 2nd Phase | Rana Pratap Sagar | Irrigation, Hydropower |
| 3rd Phase | Jawahar Sagar (Kota Dam) | Irrigation, Hydropower |
The table above outlines the three phases of the Chambal Multipurpose Project, showing the dams constructed in each phase and their key functions. This phased approach enables effective distribution of resources across the Chambal River basin.
Gandhi Sagar Dam Details
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Location | Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh |
| Highest Dam | Largest and highest in Chambal |
| Hydropower Production | 115 MW (23 MW x 5 Units) |
| Other Functions | Irrigation, Flood Control |
This table highlights the key features of the Gandhi Sagar Dam, showcasing its pivotal role in irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control.
Textual Details for Diagram
- The first diagram shows the hierarchy of Multipurpose Projects, which are broadly classified into River Valley Multipurpose Projects and Canal Multipurpose Projects. These projects have multiple goals, including irrigation, water supply, and electricity generation. The diagram provides an overview of the different types of projects.
- The second part focuses specifically on the Chambal Multipurpose Project, illustrating the three phases in which dams were constructed. Each phase added key infrastructure to the project, culminating in four major dams: Gandhi Sagar, Kota Barrage, Rana Pratap Sagar, and Jawahar Sagar.
- Location Details:
- The map provides a visual overview of the Chambal Multipurpose Project, showcasing the locations of the key dams: Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, and Jawahar Sagar.
- It highlights the flow of the Chambal River as it traverses Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, flowing toward the Yamuna.
- Kota Barrage is also shown, which serves as a key diversion point for irrigation.
The map is an essential tool for understanding the geographical distribution of the project and the flow of water through different dams and barrages. It helps illustrate how the Chambal River system is managed through a series of dams to provide consistent irrigation and power generation across the region.
KOTA BARRAGE AND LIFT CANALS OF CHAMBAL
Kota Barrage Overview
Location: The Kota Barrage is located in Kota, Rajasthan. It is a key irrigation dam within the Chambal multipurpose project, designed primarily to provide water for agriculture in the surrounding regions.
Function:
- The Kota Barrage plays an essential role in diverting water for irrigation. The barrage helps distribute water from the Chambal River to various agricultural regions, enhancing the productivity of arid lands.
- Two main canals are extracted from the dam to serve different geographical areas. These canals supply water to fields across several districts, ensuring consistent irrigation.
Canals of Kota Barrage
The barrage supports two primary canals, which distribute water to distinct regions:
- Left Canal Connected Area: Kota, Bundi. The left canal provides water to the agricultural areas around Kota and Bundi districts. These regions benefit from consistent water supply, which helps in the cultivation of crops, particularly in areas prone to water scarcity.
- Right Canal Connected Area: Kota, Baran, Madhya Pradesh. The right canal serves the districts of Kota and Baran in Rajasthan and extends into parts of Madhya Pradesh. This canal is crucial for irrigation in areas that are agriculturally rich but face challenges in water availability.
Lift Canals of Chambal
Lift canals are an innovative solution to supply water to areas where gravitational flow is insufficient. These canals require mechanical pumping to “lift” water to higher elevations, ensuring that water reaches distant agricultural fields. The Kota Barrage supports an extensive lift canal network.
- Total Lift Canals: 14
- Canals in Rajasthan: 8
- Canals in Madhya Pradesh: 6
8 Lift Canals in Rajasthan
| S.No. | Lift Canal Name | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deegod Lift | Kota |
| 2 | Pachel Lift | Baran |
| 3 | Kachari Lift | Baran |
| 4 | Ganesh Ganj Lift | Baran |
| 5 | Aanta Lift Scheme | Baran |
| 6 | Aanta Minor Lift | Baran |
| 7 | Sorkhand Lift | Baran |
| 8 | Jalipura Lift | Kota |
The table above lists the 8 main lift canals of Chambal, each located in districts such as Kota and Baran. These canals play a vital role in supplying irrigation water to elevated regions where direct water flow through traditional canals is not feasible.
Phase II: Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
Location: The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is located in the Chittorgarh District of Rajasthan. It is one of the most significant dams within the Chambal Multipurpose Project.
Significance: This dam holds the title of the largest dam in Rajasthan. Besides its crucial role in irrigation, the dam supplies water to the Rawatbhata Atomic Power Station, one of India’s key nuclear power plants. The dam’s contribution to power generation and water supply for atomic energy projects makes it vital for both energy security and agriculture in the region.
Hydropower Capacity: The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam has an installed capacity of 43 MW per unit, and with four units, the total hydroelectric power production is 172 MW. This substantial capacity makes it one of the key electricity providers for Rajasthan, contributing to both rural and urban energy needs.
Phase III: Jawahar Sagar Dam / Kota Dam
Location: The Jawahar Sagar Dam, also referred to as Kota Dam, is located at the border between Kota and Bundi districts in Rajasthan.
Significance: This dam is termed the “pick-up dam” of the Chambal river system. It plays an important role in maintaining the flow of water between upstream dams like Rana Pratap Sagar and downstream reservoirs. The dam’s ability to regulate and distribute water ensures proper water management for both irrigation and power production.
Hydropower Capacity: The Jawahar Sagar Dam has an installed hydroelectric capacity of 33 MW per unit, with three units operating. This results in a total production of 99 MW, making it a significant part of the Chambal Multipurpose Project’s energy production portfolio.
Chambal Multipurpose Project Hydropower Capacity
| Dam Name | Location | Hydropower Capacity (MW) | Number of Units | Total Power (MW) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gandhi Sagar Dam | Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh | 23 MW | 5 | 115 MW |
| Rana Pratap Sagar Dam | Chittorgarh, Rajasthan | 43 MW | 4 | 172 MW |
| Jawahar Sagar (Kota Dam) | Kota, Bundi, Rajasthan | 33 MW | 3 | 99 MW |
The table outlines the hydropower production capacities of the three major dams within the Chambal Multipurpose Project: Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, and Jawahar Sagar (Kota Dam). Collectively, these dams contribute over 386 MW of electricity, serving multiple states and providing critical energy resources.
MAHI MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
The Mahi Multipurpose Project is a joint venture between the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, with a contribution ratio of 45:55. This project focuses on river water management, irrigation, and hydroelectric power production to serve the tribal areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Phases of the Mahi Project: The Mahi Multipurpose Project is developed in three phases, with the construction of three major dams:
- Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam
- Kagdi Pick-up Dam
- Kadana Dam
(i) Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam
- Location: The Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam is located at Borkheda in Banswara district, Rajasthan.
It is the longest dam in Rajasthan, with a length of 3,109 meters. It is also the largest dam project in the tribal regions of Rajasthan, playing a critical role in improving the socio-economic conditions of the local population.
(ii) Kagdi Dam
- Location: The Kagdi Dam is also located in Banswara district. It is referred to as the Pick-up Dam of the Mahi River, and its main function is to regulate the flow of water from the Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam to downstream areas, ensuring consistent water availability for irrigation.
(iii) Kadana Dam
- Location: The Kadana Dam is located in Gujarat on the Mahi River. It plays a dual role of irrigation and hydropower generation for the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Hydroelectric Power Production: The hydroelectric power generated by the Mahi Multipurpose Project is distributed mainly in the tribal areas of Rajasthan. The installed power capacity includes:
- 50 MW from two units of 25 MW each.
- 90 MW from two units of 45 MW each.
- Total Hydropower Production: 140 MW
This power production is crucial for providing electricity to underserved tribal regions, improving local infrastructure, and boosting economic growth.
BHAKRA-NANGAL MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
The Bhakra-Nangal Multipurpose Project is a joint effort between the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. Rajasthan contributes 15.2% to the project’s development and benefits from the irrigation and electricity produced.
Location and Function: The project operates on the Sutlej River and is one of India’s largest and most famous multipurpose projects. The Bhakra-Nangal Dam is well-known for its contribution to irrigation, flood control, and hydropower production, significantly benefiting the agricultural economies of the partner states.
The project’s importance is highlighted by the Bhakra Dam, one of the highest gravity dams in the world, which helps regulate the flow of the Sutlej River, providing water for irrigation and generating a significant amount of electricity. Rajasthan, although contributing a smaller percentage, gains critical irrigation and hydroelectric benefits from the project.
(a) Bhakra Dam
Location: The Bhakra Dam is located in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, on the Sutlej River. It is a monumental infrastructure project and plays a crucial role in water management, irrigation, and power generation in northern India.
Historical Significance: The Bhakra Dam was hailed by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, as “the miraculous things of India.” This statement emphasized the importance of the dam in modernizing India’s infrastructure, particularly in agriculture and energy sectors.
Structural Features:
- Bhakra Dam is the highest gravity dam in India, standing at a height of 226 meters. Its gravity structure means it holds back the vast force of water using only its weight.
- The dam holds the Govind Sagar Lake, a large reservoir created by the dam’s construction. This reservoir is essential for both irrigation and hydropower generation, contributing to water management for Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
(b) Nangal Dam
Location: The Nangal Dam is situated at Ropad (Rupnagar) in Punjab. It is a crucial structure within the Bhakra-Nangal Multipurpose Project.
Irrigation Role: Two main canals are extracted from the Nangal Dam, playing a pivotal role in distributing water across northern India, particularly to agricultural lands in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. The dam ensures a consistent flow of water through these canals for irrigation purposes, boosting agricultural productivity in water-scarce areas.
Dams of Mahi Multipurpose Project
| Dam Name | Location | Role | Hydropower Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam | Borkheda, Banswara, Rajasthan | Irrigation, Water Supply | No major hydro capacity |
| Kagdi Dam | Banswara, Rajasthan | Pick-up Dam for water regulation | No major hydro capacity |
| Kadana Dam | Gujarat | Irrigation, Hydropower | 140 MW (Total) |
This table summarizes the three dams in the Mahi Multipurpose Project. Each dam serves specific functions, with Kadana Dam being the primary hydropower producer in this network, while Mahi Bajaj Sagar and Kagdi focus on irrigation and water regulation.
Bhakra-Nangal Dam Overview
| Feature | Bhakra Dam | Nangal Dam |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh | Ropad (Rupnagar), Punjab |
| River | Sutlej | Sutlej |
| Height | 226 meters | – |
| Water Supply | Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan | Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan |
| Govind Sagar Reservoir | Yes | No |
| Main Function | Irrigation, Hydropower | Irrigation through Canals |
This table summarizes the key features of both Bhakra Dam and Nangal Dam within the Bhakra-Nangal Multipurpose Project. The Bhakra Dam serves as a gravity dam with a large reservoir, while the Nangal Dam primarily functions as a support structure for water distribution through canals.
CANAL MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS IN RAJASTHAN
The canal multipurpose projects in Rajasthan are critical for addressing the state’s water scarcity issues, especially for irrigation. These projects include major canals sourced from river systems that bring water to Rajasthan’s arid and semi-arid regions.
The major canal multipurpose projects are:
- Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) / Rajasthan Canal
- Gang Nahar
- Rajeev Gandhi Siddhmukh Canal / Nohar Canal
- Narmada Nahar
- Gurgaon Canal / Yamuna Lift Canal
- Bharatpur Nahar
- ERCP (Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project)
Among these, the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) is the largest and most significant canal project.
- Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) / Rajasthan Canal
The Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP), also known as the Rajasthan Canal, is one of India’s largest canal systems, designed to bring water from the Satluj and Vyas Rivers (via Harike Barrage) to Rajasthan’s Thar Desert. This project has transformed barren desert lands into agriculturally productive zones and provides drinking water to many areas in the state.
Inauguration and Historical Significance:
- The canal was inaugurated on 31st March 1958 by Govind Ballabh Pant, one of the leading political figures of the time.
- Pant referred to the canal as the “Maru Ganga,” signifying the lifeline it brought to the arid regions of Rajasthan.
- The creator of the IGNP was Engineer Kanwar Sen, who played a pivotal role in designing the canal’s extensive network.
River Source:
The IGNP draws its water from the Satluj and Vyas rivers, with water being diverted from the Harike Barrage located in Punjab.
Two Phases of IGNP Construction: The canal system is constructed in two phases:
- Phase I:
- Total Length: 393 km
- The Feeder Canal extends for 204 km from the Harike Barrage (Punjab) to Masitawali in Hanumangarh district.
- The Main Canal stretches 189 km from Masitawali, providing water for irrigation and drinking purposes to the arid regions of Hanumangarh.
- Phase II:
- Total Length: 256 km
- This phase extends the canal system further into Pugal (Bikaner) and Mohangarh (Jaisalmer), reaching deeper into the desert, providing crucial water resources for agriculture and human consumption.
Total Length of IGNP: The total length of the IGNP canal system is 649 km, making it one of the longest and most ambitious irrigation canal projects in India.
Main Objectives: The primary objective of IGNP is to provide water supply for both drinking and irrigation purposes. This canal system supports agricultural activities in some of the most water-scarce regions of India, contributing to food security and the overall economic development of Rajasthan.
Financial Support: The project is financially supported by the World Bank, which provides crucial funding for infrastructure development, ensuring the successful construction and operation of the IGNP canals.
Phases of IGNP Construction:
- Phase I:
- Feeder Canal (204 km): The Feeder Canal starts from the Harike Barrage located in Firozpur, Punjab, and transports water into Rajasthan. This is a critical component of the IGNP, as it brings water from the river systems of Punjab to Rajasthan’s arid regions.
- Main Canal (189 km): After the feeder canal, water is distributed to the Hanumangarh district through the Main Canal. The 189 km-long main canal is a major water lifeline for this region.
- Phase II:
- Main Canal Extension (256 km): The second phase extends the canal system into the districts of Pugal (Bikaner) and Mohangarh (Jaisalmer). This extension brings water deeper into the desert, significantly enhancing the reach of irrigation and drinking water supply.
- Sub-Branch: Baba Ramdev Canal (165 km): The Baba Ramdev Sub-Branch of the IGNP extends for 165 km and serves additional regions with water for agriculture and human consumption.
Canal and Lift System:
- Lift Canals: The IGNP includes a system of 7 lift canals and 9 branch canals designed for irrigation. These lift canals are essential for transporting water to higher elevations on the left side of the IGNP, which consists of upland areas. The use of lift canals ensures that even areas located at higher altitudes receive sufficient water for irrigation.
- Location of Lift Canals: All lift canals are located on the left side of the IGNP because this land is at a higher elevation than the right side, requiring the use of pumps to lift water from the main canal to these upland areas.
Key Details of IGNP Canal System
| Phase | Length | Key Locations | Main Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phase I | 393 km | Harike Barrage (Punjab), Hanumangarh | Feeder Canal, Irrigation, Drinking Water |
| Phase II | 256 km (Main Canal) + 165 km (Sub-Branch) | Pugal (Bikaner), Mohangarh (Jaisalmer), Baba Ramdev Sub-Branch | Irrigation, Water Supply |
This table summarizes the two phases of the IGNP, highlighting the key lengths and locations of the canals. The first phase focuses on supplying water to Hanumangarh, while the second phase extends the canal system into the desert regions of Bikaner and Jaisalmer.
Key Lift Canals of IGNP
The lift canal system of IGNP is crucial for ensuring water supply to regions with varying elevations. Here are the key lift canals of the IGNP:
- Chaudhary Kumbharam Lift
- Distribution: This is one of the most extensive lift systems of IGNP, as it connects to the maximum number of districts.
- Regions Benefited: It distributes water to Hanumangarh, Churu, Jhunjhunu, and Bikaner districts. These regions, which often suffer from water shortages, rely heavily on this lift for irrigation and drinking water.
- Kanwar Sen Lift
- Significance: The Kanwar Sen Lift is the first and longest lift canal of the IGNP, named after the engineer who played a significant role in the project’s conception and execution.
- Regions Benefited: This lift canal supplies water to Ganganagar and Bikaner districts. These districts are among the most arid in Rajasthan and greatly benefit from the water provided by this lift.
- Pannalal Barupal Lift
- Jayal de-Fluoride Drinking Water Project: One of the important functions of the Pannalal Barupal Lift is supporting the Jayal de-Fluoride drinking water project located in Nagaur. This project is essential for providing fluoride-free drinking water to the region, addressing health concerns related to high fluoride levels in groundwater.
- Regions Benefited: This lift primarily distributes water to Nagaur and Bikaner districts, enhancing both irrigation and drinking water availability in these areas.
- Tejaji Lift
- Significance: The Tejaji Lift is the smallest lift canal within the IGNP network. Despite its smaller size, it plays an important role in the overall system.
- Regions Benefited: This lift primarily serves the Bikaner district, ensuring water supply for both agricultural and drinking purposes.
- Dr. Karni Singh Lift
- This lift canal, named after Dr. Karni Singh, provides water to Jodhpur and Bikaner districts. These regions are known for their arid climate and dependence on the IGNP for water resources.
- Guru Jambheshwar Lift
- Another significant lift canal, the Guru Jambheshwar Lift, ensures that water reaches Jodhpur and Bikaner districts, playing a critical role in ensuring the success of agricultural activities in these areas.
- Jai Narayan Vyas Lift
- Distribution: The Jai Narayan Vyas Lift supplies water to the districts of Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Bikaner. These areas, particularly Jaisalmer, are some of the driest in Rajasthan, making this lift crucial for water supply.
Notes on the Lift Canals:
- The Chaudhary Kumbharam Lift connects to the most districts in the IGNP network, benefiting regions like Hanumangarh, Churu, Jhunjhunu, and Bikaner.
- The Kanwar Sen Lift is the first and longest lift canal in the IGNP, reflecting its historical and functional importance in the project.
- The Pannalal Barupal Lift plays a crucial role in providing water to the Nagaur district, supporting the Jayal de-Fluoride Drinking Water Project to ensure safe drinking water free from harmful fluoride contamination.
- The Tejaji Lift, though the smallest in size, is an essential part of the IGNP, serving Bikaner.
- The lifts of IGNP are all located on the left side of the IGNP canal system. This is because the left side contains upland regions that require water to be lifted for irrigation and other uses.
Key Lift Canals of IGNP
| Lift Canal | Regions Benefited | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Chaudhary Kumbharam Lift | Hanumangarh, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Bikaner | Connects the most districts |
| Kanwar Sen Lift | Ganganagar, Bikaner | First and longest lift canal |
| Pannalal Barupal Lift | Nagaur, Bikaner | Supports Jayal de-Fluoride Drinking Water Project |
| Tejaji Lift | Bikaner | Smallest lift canal |
| Dr. Karni Singh Lift | Jodhpur, Bikaner | Provides irrigation and drinking water |
| Guru Jambheshwar Lift | Jodhpur, Bikaner | Critical for water supply in arid regions |
| Jai Narayan Vyas Lift | Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner | Serves some of the driest regions |
This table provides an overview of the key lift canals of the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP), highlighting the regions they benefit and their unique contributions to the canal system.
Textual Details for Diagram
The diagram illustrates the key lift canals along the IGNP, showcasing the geographical reach of each canal. The Chaudhary Kumbharam Lift is shown to connect to the most districts, while the Kanwar Sen Lift is the longest. The map demonstrates how water is lifted to serve upland areas that would otherwise remain dry without the canal infrastructure.
Additional Lift Canals of IGNP
The IGNP includes several key lift canals that complement the canal network by providing water to higher elevation districts that cannot be reached by gravity alone. The following lift canals serve multiple regions across Rajasthan:
- Dr. Karni Singh Lift
- Distribution: The Dr. Karni Singh Lift is distributed across the districts of Jodhpur and Bikaner. These districts, with their dry climate, benefit significantly from this lift for both irrigation and drinking water purposes.
- Guru Jambheshwar Lift
- Distribution: This lift system serves the districts of Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Bikaner. The Guru Jambheshwar Lift is essential for supplying water to the desert regions, ensuring agricultural sustainability and water access for residents.
- Jai Narayan Vyas Lift
- Distribution: The Jai Narayan Vyas Lift is distributed primarily in Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts, which are some of the driest regions in Rajasthan. This lift is critical for supplying irrigation water and ensuring a consistent water supply for human consumption.
Branches of IGNP
In addition to lift canals, the IGNP also includes several important branches that distribute water across Rajasthan. These branches help in expanding the reach of the IGNP, covering even remote and arid areas.
The map highlights several key branches of the IGNP:
- Sri Ganganagar Branch: This branch distributes water to the Sri Ganganagar district, one of the most agriculturally important regions in Rajasthan, where water from the IGNP has turned barren lands into fertile fields.
- Suratgarh Branch: The Suratgarh Branch extends water to the Suratgarh and Anupgarh areas, both of which are in dire need of irrigation and drinking water.
- Pugal Branch: The Pugal Branch supplies water to Pugal and Bikaner districts, enhancing agricultural productivity in these arid areas.
- Dantor Branch: The Dantor Branch brings water to areas near Barshapur and helps address the chronic water scarcity in these desert regions.
- Birsiyal Branch: The Birsiyal Branch supports water distribution to more remote areas of Bikaner, ensuring that even hard-to-reach areas receive water for agriculture and drinking purposes.
- Charanwala Branch: The Charanwala Branch is vital for bringing water to the southern areas of Bikaner and Jaisalmer. It also extends towards the Shaid Birbal area, ensuring comprehensive water coverage in the region.
- Jaisalmer – Shaid Sagramal Gopa Branch: The Jaisalmer – Shaid Sagramal Gopa Branch is a critical water supply route for Jaisalmer, one of the driest districts in India. This branch ensures water reaches agricultural lands and provides drinking water to the people of Jaisalmer.
Key Lift Canals and Branches of IGNP
| Lift Canal | Regions Benefited | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Dr. Karni Singh Lift | Jodhpur, Bikaner | Supplies water to desert regions |
| Guru Jambheshwar Lift | Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner | Essential for irrigating dry areas |
| Jai Narayan Vyas Lift | Jaisalmer, Jodhpur | Provides water to some of the driest regions |
| Branch | Regions Benefited | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Sri Ganganagar Branch | Sri Ganganagar | Major agricultural region benefitting from IGNP |
| Suratgarh Branch | Suratgarh, Anupgarh | Provides irrigation and drinking water |
| Pugal Branch | Pugal, Bikaner | Supports water distribution in arid areas |
| Dantor Branch | Dantor, Barshapur | Addresses water scarcity in desert regions |
| Birsiyal Branch | Bikaner | Ensures water reaches remote agricultural lands |
| Charanwala Branch | Bikaner, Jaisalmer | Provides water to southern desert regions |
| Jaisalmer – Shaid Sagramal Gopa Branch | Jaisalmer | Supplies water to the desert district of Jaisalmer |
This table summarizes the key lift canals and branches of the IGNP, highlighting the regions they benefit and their significance in addressing water scarcity in Rajasthan.
Textual Details for Diagram
- The map illustrates the branches of the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP). It highlights key branches such as the Sri Ganganagar Branch, Suratgarh Branch, Pugal Branch, and others. These branches ensure that the water from the IGNP reaches far-flung areas of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, and Hanumangarh, among other districts, providing much-needed irrigation and drinking water.
- The map also shows how the canal branches split off from the main canal to reach various regions, ensuring that even the most remote areas benefit from this vast water distribution network.
Through its extensive network of lift canals and branches, the IGNP has not only boosted agriculture but also ensured water security for regions that previously struggled with chronic water shortages.
Key Notes on IGNP Branches
- Rawatsar Branch: The Rawatsar Branch is unique as it is the only branch located on the left side of the IGNP canal system. Most of the branches of the IGNP are situated on the right side, catering to the geographical elevation differences in the region. This branch supplies water to the Rawatsar area in Hanumangarh district, ensuring a reliable water source for agriculture and drinking.
- Charanwala Branch: The Charanwala Branch is the only branch that serves two districts, namely Bikaner and Jaisalmer. This branch plays a vital role in irrigating agricultural land in these arid districts. Both Bikaner and Jaisalmer are among the driest areas in India, making this branch crucial for water supply in both regions.
- Bikaner District Benefits: Bikaner district receives the maximum benefit from the IGNP. The district has historically faced severe water shortages and relies heavily on the IGNP for both irrigation and drinking water. The extensive distribution network of lift canals and branches in Bikaner ensures that the district receives an adequate water supply for agriculture, making it a key beneficiary of the project.
- Total Irrigated Area by IGNP: The total irrigated area served by the IGNP is 16.17 lakh hectares. This vast expanse of land benefits from the water brought in through the canal system, transforming previously barren land into productive agricultural fields. The availability of consistent irrigation has allowed for increased crop yields and improved food security in the region.
Key Branches and Benefits of IGNP
| Branch Name | Location | Unique Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Rawatsar Branch | Hanumangarh | Only branch on the left side of IGNP |
| Charanwala Branch | Bikaner, Jaisalmer | Only branch serving two districts |
| Sri Ganganagar Branch | Sri Ganganagar | Major agricultural region benefitting from IGNP |
| Pugal Branch | Bikaner, Jaisalmer | Critical for water supply to desert districts |
Description: This table summarizes some of the key branches of the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) and highlights the unique aspects of the Rawatsar and Charanwala branches.
- Total Irrigated Area by IGNP
| District | Irrigated Area (Lakh Hectares) |
|---|---|
| Bikaner | Largest beneficiary |
| Hanumangarh | Significant irrigated area |
| Jaisalmer | Desert regions benefitting from IGNP |
| Other districts | Contributing to Rajasthan’s agricultural output |
Description: This table provides an overview of the total area irrigated by the IGNP, with 16.17 lakh hectares of land now cultivated due to the canal system.
Textual Details for Diagram
- The map of the IGNP branches highlights the Rawatsar Branch on the left side of the main canal and the Charanwala Branch, which serves both Bikaner and Jaisalmer. The diagram emphasizes the expansive reach of the IGNP and its importance in providing irrigation to regions that were once severely water-scarce.
Drinking Water Lifts of IGNP
The Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) includes several critical lift systems designed to ensure a consistent supply of drinking water to various districts in Rajasthan. These lifts play a vital role in providing clean drinking water to areas that otherwise suffer from water scarcity.
- Kawarsen Drinking Water Lift:
- Regions Benefited: This lift serves the districts of Bikaner and Ganganagar. These areas face chronic water shortages, and the Kawarsen Lift ensures a reliable source of drinking water for both domestic use and livestock.
- Aapani Drinking Water Lift / Gandhali Sahaba Lift:
- Regions Benefited: The Aapani Lift, also known as the Gandhali Sahaba Lift, supplies water to the districts of Churu, Hanumangarh, and Jhunjhunu. These districts are part of the arid Thar Desert region, and access to clean water is critical for sustaining livelihoods.
- Rajeev Gandhi Drinking Water Lift:
- Regions Benefited: The Rajeev Gandhi Lift supplies drinking water to the district of Jodhpur. Jodhpur, known for its dry climate and water scarcity, relies heavily on this lift for household water supplies and agriculture.
Benefits of IGNP
The IGNP has brought about several positive transformations in Rajasthan, particularly in terms of agricultural productivity, water supply, and economic development.
- Green Revolution in North-West Rajasthan: The IGNP has played a critical role in sparking the Green Revolution in the northwestern parts of Rajasthan. By providing consistent irrigation, the project has significantly increased agricultural production, turning previously barren land into fertile fields.
- Expansion of Pasture Lands: The increased availability of water has led to the expansion of pasture lands, which, in turn, has increased animal wealth in the region. This has positively impacted livestock farming and rural livelihoods.
- Economic and Social Improvement: The IGNP has improved the economic and social condition of farmers by boosting agricultural productivity and providing access to clean water. Farmers now have greater opportunities to cultivate crops, leading to better incomes and improved living standards.
- Beginning of Fishing Activities: The availability of water in reservoirs and canals has led to the beginning of fishing activities, providing an additional source of income for the local population.
- Increase in Ecotourism: With increased biodiversity and the availability of water, ecotourism has seen growth in western Rajasthan, attracting visitors to areas that were previously inhospitable.
- Drinking Water Supply: Drinking water is supplied through three major lifts: Kawarsen, Aapani, and Rajeev Gandhi Drinking Water Lift. These lifts ensure that even arid regions have access to potable water.
- Hydropower Generation: The IGNP also contributes to hydropower generation, with about 24 MW produced from stations at Suratgarh, Anupgarh, Pungal, and Birsalpur.
- Increase in Biodiversity: The availability of water has led to an increase in biodiversity in western Rajasthan, helping to preserve the local flora and fauna that were previously threatened by desertification.
- Water Supply to Petroleum Refinery (Barmer): Water from the IGNP also supports the Petroleum Refinery in Barmer, contributing to the region’s industrial development.
- Control of Desertification: By providing water and encouraging the growth of vegetation, the IGNP has helped control desertification, transforming desert regions into more habitable and agriculturally productive areas.
Disadvantages of IGNP
Despite its numerous benefits, the IGNP has also brought about certain challenges and disadvantages, particularly in terms of environmental and social impacts.
- Increase in Waterlogging: One of the significant downsides of the IGNP is the increase in waterlogging, especially in regions like Hanumangarh and Ganganagar. Excess water in low-lying areas has led to the saturation of soils, reducing agricultural productivity.
- Increase in Salinity: The project has also led to an increase in soil salinity. With excessive irrigation, salts are brought to the surface, which deteriorates soil quality and hampers crop growth.
- Land Disputes: The expansion of agricultural land and irrigation networks has resulted in a rise in land disputes. As land becomes more valuable due to irrigation, conflicts over ownership and land rights have increased.
- Reduction in Soil Fertility: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, made possible by the availability of water, has caused a reduction in soil fertility. Over time, the misuse of these chemicals degrades the quality of the soil, leading to long-term agricultural challenges.
- Decreased Desert Biodiversity: Although there has been an increase in overall biodiversity, the natural desert biodiversity has been adversely affected. As desert ecosystems are converted into agricultural land, many native species of plants and animals that thrive in arid environments are being displaced.
Key Drinking Water Lifts of IGNP
| Lift Name | Regions Benefited | Primary Function |
|---|---|---|
| Kawarsen Drinking Water Lift | Bikaner, Ganganagar | Supplies drinking water to dry regions |
| Aapani Drinking Water Lift / Gandhali Sahaba Lift | Churu, Hanumangarh, Jhunjhunu | Ensures access to clean water in desert regions |
| Rajeev Gandhi Drinking Water Lift | Jodhpur | Supplies drinking water to Jodhpur |
This table summarizes the key drinking water lifts in the IGNP system and the regions they benefit, highlighting their role in providing clean water to water-scarce areas.
Benefits of IGNP
| Benefit | Description |
|---|---|
| Green Revolution | Increased agricultural production in NW Rajasthan |
| Expansion of Pasture Lands | Increased animal wealth due to better grazing lands |
| Fishing and Ecotourism | Beginnings of fishing and ecotourism in water-rich regions |
| Hydropower Generation | 24 MW of power generated at several stations |
| Biodiversity Increase | Rise in biodiversity due to availability of water |
| Water to Petroleum Refinery | Water supply to Barmer refinery |
| Control of Desertification | Water availability helps halt desert spread |
This table provides a detailed overview of the key benefits of the IGNP, focusing on agricultural, social, economic, and environmental impacts.
Disadvantages of IGNP
| Disadvantage | Description |
|---|---|
| Waterlogging | Excess water leads to waterlogged soils in regions like Hanumangarh |
| Salinity Increase | Irrigation brings salts to the surface, reducing soil quality |
| Land Disputes | Conflicts over land ownership have risen due to land value increases |
| Reduction in Soil Fertility | Excessive use of chemicals has reduced soil fertility |
| Loss of Desert Biodiversity | Agricultural expansion threatens native desert species |
This table outlines the key disadvantages of the IGNP, focusing on environmental challenges such as waterlogging, salinity, and biodiversity loss, as well as social impacts like land disputes.
GANG NAHAR
Gang Nahar Overview
The Gang Nahar (Gang Canal) is one of the most historically significant irrigation projects in Rajasthan, constructed under the vision of Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner. It is considered the first multipurpose project of Rajasthan, designed to provide both irrigation and drinking water to the region, especially benefiting the Ganganagar district.
Construction Details:
- Constructed by: Maharaja Ganga Singh
- River Source: Satluj River
- Construction Period: The canal was constructed between 1922 and 1927 AD, making it one of the earliest and most ambitious irrigation projects in the state of Rajasthan.
Gang Canal and Lifts
The Gang Canal draws its water from the Satluj River, with the diversion point located at Huseniwala in Punjab. From there, water is channeled into the Gang Canal and distributed to the surrounding areas in Rajasthan, primarily benefiting Ganganagar district. Over time, several lift systems have been added to ensure water supply reaches higher elevation areas that cannot be irrigated by gravity alone.
The lifts associated with the Gang Canal are crucial for distributing water to various parts of Ganganagar district. These lifts include:
- Karni Lift:mThe Karni Lift plays an important role in lifting water to higher terrains in Ganganagar, ensuring irrigation in areas that are otherwise too elevated for the main canal system to reach. Location: Ganganagar
- Laxmi Narayan Lift: The Laxmi Narayan Lift is another essential part of the canal system, helping distribute water to areas in Ganganagar that require water to be lifted from the main canal. Location: Ganganagar
- Sameeja Lift: The Sameeja Lift also serves the Ganganagar region, facilitating the supply of irrigation water to higher elevation agricultural fields. Location: Ganganagar
- Lalgarh Lift: The Lalgarh Lift ensures that water is provided to remote and elevated areas within Ganganagar, allowing the region to fully benefit from the canal’s water resources. Location: Ganganagar
Importance of Ganganagar District
Major Beneficiary: The Ganganagar district is the most benefited district from the Gang Canal project. The district, which once suffered from severe water shortages, has seen a transformation due to the availability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes. Today, it is one of the most agriculturally productive regions in Rajasthan, thanks to the Gang Canal and its associated lift systems.
Key Lifts of Gang Canal
| Lift Name | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Karni Lift | Ganganagar | Irrigation of higher elevation lands |
| Laxmi Narayan Lift | Ganganagar | Water supply to elevated fields |
| Sameeja Lift | Ganganagar | Water distribution to elevated areas |
| Lalgarh Lift | Ganganagar | Ensures water reaches remote areas |
This table summarizes the key lift systems associated with the Gang Canal in Ganganagar district. These lifts play a vital role in lifting water from the canal to serve agricultural lands located at higher elevations.
Textual Details for Diagram
The map illustrates the flow of water from the Satluj River into the Gang Canal, with water being diverted at Huseniwala in Punjab. The diagram shows the key lifts—Karni Lift, Laxmi Narayan Lift, Sameeja Lift, and Lalgarh Lift—which help distribute water across Ganganagar, particularly to higher elevation areas that cannot be reached by gravity-fed canals alone.
RAJEEV GANDHI SIDHMUKH CANAL / NOHAR CANAL
The Rajeev Gandhi Sidhmukh Canal, also known as the Nohar Canal, is an important irrigation project in Rajasthan. It is designed to supply water to regions that are chronically water-scarce, particularly the districts of Hanumangarh and Churu. The canal is part of Rajasthan’s ongoing efforts to extend irrigation and water supply to its arid regions.
Key Details:
- Start of Construction: The project began in 2002.
- River Source: The canal draws water from the Ravi and Vyas Rivers, both of which are important water sources in northern India.
- Profited Districts:
- Hanumangarh: The sub-districts of Nohar and Bhadra are the primary beneficiaries in Hanumangarh.
- Churu: The sub-districts of Rajgarh and Sadulpur benefit from the water supplied by this canal.
Financial Cooperation
- The Rajeev Gandhi Sidhmukh Canal initially received financial support from the European Union (EU) and NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development). This cooperation was instrumental in launching and sustaining the project in its early stages.
- Changes in Financial Cooperation: After India’s nuclear tests in 1998, the European Union halted its economic cooperation with India, including financial support for the canal project. In response, NABARD took over as the primary financial institution supporting the construction and development of the Rajeev Gandhi Sidhmukh Canal.
Impact on Profited Districts
- Hanumangarh District (Nohar, Bhadra): The Nohar and Bhadra areas of Hanumangarh district are heavily dependent on the canal for irrigation. Before the canal’s construction, these areas suffered from frequent droughts and inadequate water supply, making agriculture highly unpredictable. The canal has transformed the region into a more agriculturally productive zone by providing a steady supply of water.
- Churu District (Rajgarh, Sadulpur): The Rajgarh and Sadulpur regions in Churu district have also seen significant benefits from the canal. Like Hanumangarh, these areas were prone to droughts and faced severe water scarcity, which negatively impacted farming. With the canal in place, farmers now have access to a reliable source of water, leading to improved agricultural output and economic growth.
Key Beneficiary Regions of Rajeev Gandhi Sidhmukh Canal
| District | Sub-districts Benefited | Primary Function |
|---|---|---|
| Hanumangarh | Nohar, Bhadra | Irrigation and drinking water supply |
| Churu | Rajgarh, Sadulpur | Irrigation, boosting agricultural productivity |
This table summarizes the districts and sub-districts that benefit from the Rajeev Gandhi Sidhmukh Canal. It highlights the importance of the canal in providing irrigation to previously water-scarce regions, ensuring better agricultural productivity.
Textual Details for Diagram
The map of the Rajeev Gandhi Sidhmukh Canal shows the route of the canal from its source at the Ravi River. The diagram emphasizes the connection between the Ravi and Vyas Rivers and how the water is directed to the Hanumangarh and Churu districts. These districts, which include Nohar, Bhadra, Rajgarh, and Sadulpur, are now able to sustain agricultural activities due to the steady water supply provided by the canal.
NARMADA CANAL
The Narmada Canal is a vital water distribution project designed to bring water to the water-scarce regions of Rajasthan. Extracted from the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat, the canal extends into Rajasthan, benefiting some of the driest and least irrigated areas of the state. The project plays a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity and providing drinking water to these regions.
Key Details:
- Start of Construction: The Narmada Canal project in Rajasthan began in 2008.
- Water Source: The canal is sourced from the Sardar Sarovar Dam located in Gujarat, which taps into the Narmada River. The Sardar Sarovar Dam is one of the largest dams in India and is a key part of the Narmada Valley Development Project.
- Co-operation: The project involves cooperation between the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. While Gujarat provides the water resources, Rajasthan benefits from the canal’s water distribution to its western regions.
Maximum Profitable Areas
The Narmada Canal primarily serves the districts of Jalore and Barmer, which are some of the driest areas in Rajasthan. These regions have historically suffered from a lack of water, making agriculture extremely difficult. The introduction of the Narmada Canal has transformed the landscape, providing much-needed irrigation and drinking water.
- Jalore District:mThe Jalore district is one of the maximum profitable areas from the Narmada Canal. This arid region has seen significant improvement in agriculture due to the availability of irrigation water from the canal.
- Barmer District: The Barmer district, which also suffers from extreme water scarcity, has benefitted immensely from the canal. With water from the Narmada Canal, Barmer has been able to improve its agricultural output and meet the water needs of its population.
Irrigation Techniques
- Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation: The Narmada Canal project requires the compulsory use of sprinkler and drip irrigation techniques. This is essential in ensuring that water is used efficiently, particularly in regions where water is a precious resource. These modern irrigation methods help conserve water by minimizing waste and ensuring that crops receive the exact amount of water they need for optimal growth.
Route of the Narmada Canal
The canal enters Rajasthan at Sillu Village in Jalore district, marking the point where the water from the Sardar Sarovar Dam begins to serve Rajasthan. From there, the canal branches out to cover the maximum profitable areas, including Jalore and Barmer districts.
Key Features of the Narmada Canal
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Start of Construction | 2008 |
| Water Source | Sardar Sarovar Dam, Gujarat |
| Cooperation | Gujarat and Rajasthan |
| Maximum Benefited Areas | Jalore and Barmer districts |
| Compulsory Irrigation Techniques | Sprinkler and drip irrigation |
This table summarizes the key features of the Narmada Canal project, including its source, cooperation between states, and the areas that benefit the most from the canal’s water.
Profited Areas of Narmada Canal
| District | Regions Benefited | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Jalore | Entry point at Sillu Village | Major agricultural transformation |
| Barmer | Irrigation and drinking water supply | Enhanced water availability for agriculture and consumption |
This table provides an overview of the districts in Rajasthan that benefit from the Narmada Canal, focusing on how the project has transformed water availability and agricultural productivity in Jalore and Barmer districts.
Lift Canal of Narmada
The Narmada Lift Canal is a crucial part of the Narmada Canal system that provides water to higher elevation areas in Rajasthan. These regions would otherwise struggle to receive water from the canal without the use of lifts, which pump water to elevated terrains.
Key Lifts:
- Sanchore Lift: This lift serves the Jalore region, particularly the Bhadreda and Panoriya areas of Barmer district. Both districts rely on the lift canal for irrigation and drinking water, transforming previously arid areas into more agriculturally productive zones.
Textual Details for Diagram
The map illustrates the route of the Narmada Canal, showing how water is sourced from the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat and then enters Rajasthan at Sillu Village in Jalore. The diagram highlights the canal’s trajectory as it flows into Jalore and Barmer, the key regions benefiting from this project.
GURGAON CANAL / YAMUNA LIFT CANAL
The Gurgaon Canal and Yamuna Lift Canal are joint projects between the states of Rajasthan and Haryana. These canals draw water from the Yamuna River, ensuring water reaches areas in Rajasthan that are chronically dry and prone to drought.
- Cooperative States: Rajasthan and Haryana.
- River Source: The water for the canal is sourced from the Yamuna River.
- Beneficiary Areas:
- The primary beneficiary is the Bharatpur region, which receives a significant portion of the water.
- Additionally, the canal serves the Shekhawati region, including the districts of Churu, Sikar, and Jhunjhunu. These areas are particularly reliant on the lift canal for water supply due to their arid climate.
BHARATPUR CANAL
The Bharatpur Canal is another key irrigation project in Rajasthan. It is a collaborative effort between Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, designed to bring water from the Yamuna River into the dry and agriculturally important region of Bharatpur.
- Cooperative States: Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
- River Source: The canal draws water from the Yamuna River.
- Beneficiary Areas: The Bharatpur district benefits the most from this canal, using the water for both agricultural irrigation and drinking purposes.
ERCP (EASTERN RAJASTHAN CANAL PROJECT)
The Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) is one of the largest and most ambitious canal projects in Rajasthan. Designed to alleviate the state’s water scarcity issues, this project will provide water for irrigation and drinking purposes to multiple districts. The ERCP draws water from the excess flow of Chambal River tributaries and distributes it across Rajasthan’s eastern and southern regions.
- Budget: The total project cost is estimated at ₹37,500 crores.
- Beneficiary Areas: The ERCP is designed to benefit four major divisions of Rajasthan:
- Bharatpur Division: This includes the districts of Dholpur, Karoli, and Sawai Madhopur.
- Kota Division: The districts of Kota, Bundi, Baran, and Jhalawar benefit significantly from the ERCP.
- Ajmer Division: Ajmer and Tonk are part of this division, which will receive water from the ERCP for both irrigation and drinking water purposes.
- Jaipur Division: This includes the districts of Jaipur, Dausa, and Alwar, which will also be key beneficiaries of the ERCP.
Main Objectives of ERCP
- Supply of Water for Irrigation and Drinking: The ERCP aims to supply water to 13 districts in Rajasthan, ensuring that water-scarce regions receive sufficient resources for both agriculture and drinking water needs.
- Construction of Dams: A total of 26 major and medium dam projects will be constructed under the ERCP. These dams will regulate water flow and store water, providing irrigation for approximately 2.8 lakh hectares of land.
- Utilization of Chambal Tributaries: The project will make use of excess water from various tributaries of the Chambal River, including the Kunu, Kural, Kalisindh, Chakan, Mej, and Parvati rivers. This water will be redirected to drought-prone areas, ensuring that surplus water from these rivers is used efficiently.
Key Features of Major Canal Projects
| Project | States Involved | Water Source | Beneficiary Areas |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narmada Canal | Gujarat, Rajasthan | Sardar Sarovar Dam (Gujarat) | Jalore, Barmer (Sanchore Lift, Panoriya) |
| Gurgaon Canal / Yamuna Lift Canal | Rajasthan, Haryana | Yamuna River | Bharatpur, Shekhawati (Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu) |
| Bharatpur Canal | Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh | Yamuna River | Bharatpur |
| Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project | Rajasthan | Chambal Tributaries | Bharatpur, Kota, Ajmer, Jaipur Divisions |
This table summarizes the key features of the Narmada Canal, Gurgaon Canal, Bharatpur Canal, and ERCP projects, focusing on the states involved, water sources, and the beneficiary areas in Rajasthan.
Beneficiary Districts of ERCP
| Division | Districts Benefited | Major Water Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Bharatpur Division | Dholpur, Karoli, Sawai Madhopur | Irrigation and drinking water supply |
| Kota Division | Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar | Irrigation for agricultural land |
| Ajmer Division | Ajmer, Tonk | Water supply for agriculture and consumption |
| Jaipur Division | Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar | Drinking water supply and irrigation |
This table outlines the divisions and districts that will benefit from the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP), focusing on the water use for both agriculture and drinking purposes.
MICRO AND MEDIUM IRRIGATION PROJECTS OF RAJASTHAN
Rajasthan, being an arid and semi-arid state, has developed several micro and medium irrigation projects to manage its scarce water resources and ensure adequate water supply for agriculture. These projects are crucial for regions that are heavily dependent on seasonal rainfall and require efficient use of water through irrigation systems.
The table below lists some of the significant micro and medium irrigation projects in the state, along with their locations.
Micro and Medium Irrigation Projects
| Project | Location |
|---|---|
| Bheem Sagar | Jhalawar |
| Gagrean | Jhalawar |
| Piplaad | Jhalawar |
| Kali Sindh | Jhalawar |
| Chauli / Chavari | Jhalawar |
| Chhapi | Jhalawar |
| Reva | Jhalawar |
| Bainthali | Baran |
| Bilas | Baran |
| Parvan | Baran |
| Lhasi | Baran |
| Hathiyadeh | Baran |
| Harischandra | Kota |
| Gopalpura | Kota |
| Takali | Kota |
| Sawan – Bhado | Kota |
| Aalaniya | Kota |
| Guda | Bundi |
| Gardara | Bundi |
| Zig-Zag | Bundi |
| Chakan | Bundi |
| Mej | Bundi |
| Meja Dam | Bhilwara |
| Madhosagar | Dausa |
| Radio / Radiyo Sagar | Dausa |
| Morel | Dausa, Sawai Madhopur |
| Chir-miri | Dausa |
| Jhilmili | Dausa |
| Bisalpur | Tonk |
| Tordi Sagar | Tonk |
| Isarada | Sawai Madhopur |
| Pipalda | Sawai Madhopur |
| Indira Gandhi Lift Project (Chambal River) | Sawai Madhopur |
| Dholpur Lift Project (Chambal River) | Dholpur |
| Parvati Project | Dholpur |
| Narayan Sagar | Ajmer |
| Bandli-Senda Project | Jalore |
| Bankali (Sukadi River) | Jalore |
| Sukali-Selvada | Sirohi |
| Battisa Nala (Latest) | Sirohi |
| Som-Kagdar | Udaipur |
| Som-Kamla Amba | Dungarpur |
| Bhikhabhai Sagwara Canal (Mahi) | Dungarpur |
| Kadana Back Water Project | Dungarpur |
| Annas Project | Banswara |
| Orai Project | Chittorgarh |
Key Insights and Importance of These Projects
- Focus on Water-Scarce Regions: These projects are strategically located in regions such as Jhalawar, Baran, Kota, and Bundi, which are historically water-scarce and depend heavily on irrigation to sustain their agricultural practices.
- Efficient Water Management: By introducing micro and medium-scale irrigation, the state is ensuring that even small and medium-sized farmers have access to adequate water for their crops. These projects use water storage and distribution systems that prevent wastage and ensure efficient use of available water resources.
- Supporting Agriculture: Rajasthan’s agricultural economy depends on a reliable water supply, and these irrigation projects help in growing crops such as wheat, mustard, barley, pulses, and oilseeds. The availability of irrigation has improved crop yields and food security in the state.
- Diversified Irrigation Techniques: The irrigation projects employ a variety of techniques, including canal irrigation, lift irrigation, and small dam projects that help store and distribute water to surrounding areas. This diversification helps meet the specific water needs of different regions.
- Supplement to Large Irrigation Projects: While Rajasthan has large irrigation projects like the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP), these micro and medium-scale projects serve as crucial supplements, ensuring that regions not covered by large canals still have access to irrigation.
- Diverse Geographical Reach: The irrigation projects cover various districts such as Bhilwara, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Dholpur, Ajmer, Jalore, Sirohi, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara, and Chittorgarh. Each project focuses on addressing the specific water needs of its region, ensuring that agriculture can thrive even in water-scarce conditions.
- Focus on Sustainable Water Management: These irrigation projects are designed to optimize water use, employing methods such as lift irrigation and small dam projects. This helps conserve water and maximize the benefits of available resources, crucial for a state that regularly faces drought-like conditions.
- Strategic Importance: Projects like the Indira Gandhi Lift Project and the Dholpur Lift Project, which draw water from the Chambal River, are vital for regions like Sawai Madhopur and Dholpur. These areas are highly dependent on these projects for water supply for both irrigation and drinking water.
- Enhancing Agricultural Productivity: These irrigation systems have had a transformative impact on Rajasthan’s agricultural sector, improving yields and expanding the area of cultivated land. Projects like Meja Dam, Bisalpur, and Parvati Project have played a significant role in enabling farmers to grow crops throughout the year.
- Latest Projects: Some of the latest projects, such as Battisa Nala in Sirohi and Som-Kagdar in Udaipur, continue to expand Rajasthan’s water infrastructure, ensuring that newer areas gain access to reliable irrigation.