HISTORY OF CHAUHANS

The history of the Chauhan dynasty, one of the most significant Rajput clans in Indian history, is characterized by multiple theories regarding its origin. Various perspectives ranging from mythical to historical have been proposed over the years, providing insight into the complex cultural and social structures of the time. Below is an expanded analysis of these theories:

1. Principle of Agni Kund

• Mythological Origin: According to the Prithviraj Raso, an epic poem written by Chand Bardai, the Chauhans, along with three other Rajput clans—Chalukya (Solanki), Parmar, and Pratihara—emerged from a sacred fire pit (Agni Kund) during a ritual performed by the sage Rishi Vashistha on Mount Abu. This fire ritual is considered to have been organized as a spiritual effort to summon warriors capable of protecting the land from external threats.
• Supporters of the Agni Kund Theory: Historical chroniclers like Muhnot Nainasi and Suryamall Misan have also mentioned this origin story, emphasizing the spiritual significance of the ritual.
• Modern Interpretation: In contemporary times, this origin theory is often viewed as a symbolic or mythological narrative rather than a historical fact. It is argued that the Agni Kund myth may have been a political or cultural narrative to galvanize the Rajput Kshatriyas into defending their territories. During the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, many Kshatriyas had embraced non-violence. This theory might have been crafted to reassert their warrior identity, possibly incorporating local tribal leaders or foreign mercenaries into the Rajput fold through ritualistic means.

2. Suryavanshi Origin

• Historical Evidence: The Suryavanshi (descendants of the Sun God) theory claims that the Chauhans belong to the solar lineage. This perspective is supported by various ancient texts, including Prithviraj Vijay, Hammir Mahakavya, and Hammir Raso. These texts are literary works dedicated to the valor and lineage of Chauhan rulers like Prithviraj III (Prithviraj Chauhan).
• Epigraphic Support: The inscription of Vigraharaja IV, a significant Chauhan ruler, also identifies the Chauhans as belonging to the Suryavanshi lineage. This inscription is preserved in the Rajputana Museum in Ajmer, Rajasthan, and serves as a historical reference to their claim of solar ancestry.

3. Chandravanshi Origin

• Epigraphic Evidence: Some inscriptions suggest that the Chauhans were of Chandravanshi (lunar lineage) origin. This is recorded in the inscriptions found at Hansi in Haryana, attributed to Prithviraj II, and in the Achaleshwar temple inscriptions located at Abu Parvat. The term Chandravanshi connects them to the mythological lineage of the Moon God, a prestigious ancestry among many ruling dynasties of India.
• Historical Significance: The association with Chandravanshi roots reflects a common practice among Rajput clans to trace their origins back to divine or semi-divine lineages, thus solidifying their royal status and legitimacy.

4. Brahmin Origin

• Inscriptional Evidence: The Bijoliya inscription from Bhilwara, the Chandravati inscription, and references in Kayamkhani Raso suggest that the Chauhans might have originally been Brahmins. Dr. Dashrath Sharma, a renowned historian, supports this claim based on the inscription that includes the line ‘Vip Srivatsagotrabhutta,’ which points to a Brahminical origin.
• Analysis of the Claim: While some historians have accepted this theory, it is not universally considered accurate. It was not unusual for kings to adopt the gotra (lineage) of their priests to elevate their status. Thus, the Brahmin origin theory might reflect a symbolic affiliation rather than a literal one.

5. Foreigner Origin

• Views of James Tod: British historian James Tod proposed that the Chauhans, along with several other Rajput clans, were of foreign origin. He linked their customs and practices to those of Middle Asian tribes like the Shakas, emphasizing similarities in rituals and social behaviors.
• Support from Other Scholars: William Crooke and Dr. Vincent Arthur Smith, both notable historians, accepted Tod’s theory, suggesting that the Chauhans might have been part of migrating Central Asian tribes that settled in India and assimilated into the local Kshatriya class.
• Counterviews by Indian Historians: Dr. Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha and other Indian scholars argued against the foreign-origin theory, emphasizing the indigenous evolution of Rajput clans. Ojha pointed out that practices like sun worship, fire worship, arms reverence, and rituals like the yagna ceremony and sati—common among Rajputs—are indicative of Aryan cultural continuity rather than foreign descent. Ojha’s argument highlights the role of Rajputs in propagating Aryan traditions rather than emerging as a foreign influence.

6. Divine Ancestry and the Role of Culture

• Indra’s Descendants: According to the Sevadi inscription of Raipal, a Chauhan ruler, the Chauhans are described as the descendants of Indra, the king of gods in Vedic mythology. This claim of divine descent further solidified their royal standing in the medieval socio-political structure.
• Cultural Integration: The history of the Chauhans reflects a blend of Vedic and local traditions, integrating various beliefs and practices. The emphasis on fire and sun worship, along with rituals involving arms and animal reverence, points to a synthesis of Aryan practices with regional warrior traditions. This cultural amalgamation is seen as an effort to consolidate power and build a distinct Rajput identity during periods of external invasion and internal strife.

Bijoliya Inscription (1170 AD) and the Chauhan Dynasty

The Bijoliya inscription, dating back to 1170 AD, offers crucial insights into the history of the Chauhan dynasty, their administrative structures, and their socio-cultural context. Located in the Parsvanath temple of Bijoliya, Rajasthan, this inscription is a valuable historical source that sheds light on the contributions of the Chauhans to the region. Below is an expanded analysis of the key details from the Bijoliya inscription and related records:

1. Location and Composition of the Bijoliya Inscription

• Location: The Bijoliya inscription is housed in the Parsvanath temple in Bijoliya, a significant Jain pilgrimage site. The inscription was written by Digambar Jain scholar Lolak, commemorating the construction of the temple and an adjoining pool.
• Historical Importance: It provides an important record of the Chauhans of Sambhar and Ajmer, contributing to our understanding of the political and cultural landscape of the time.

2. Historical Information from the Inscription

• Chauhan King Vasudev and Sambhar Lake: The inscription mentions Chauhan king Vasudev as the builder of the Sambhar Lake, which remains an important saltwater lake in Rajasthan. This suggests that the Chauhans were actively involved in infrastructure development, contributing to the economic and ecological landscape of their time.
• Nagaur as Capital: Vasudev is also credited with establishing Nagaur as the capital, indicating the strategic importance of Nagaur as a center of administration and trade. Nagaur’s position in central Rajasthan made it a critical hub for controlling trade routes in the region.
• Descendants of Vasudev: The inscription highlights Samanth Chauhan, a descendant of Vasudev, and refers to him as belonging to the Vatsa Gotra Brahmin lineage. This reference aligns with the idea that the Chauhans might have adopted Brahminical affiliations over time, as seen in other inscriptions.
• Delhi Victory of Vigraharaj IV: The Bijoliya inscription records the military achievements of Vigraharaj IV, including his victory over Delhi. This highlights the Chauhans’ expansionist policies and their significant role in the regional politics of northern India during the 12th century.

3. Religious and Cultural Context

• Jain and Shaiva Pilgrimages: The Bijoliya inscription provides information about various Jain and Shaiva pilgrimage sites around the Kutila River, emphasizing the religious diversity and tolerance during the Chauhan rule. It reflects the patronage extended to different religious practices, particularly Jainism and Shaivism, which were prominent in the region.
• Land Grants to Temples: The inscription mentions Dohli (land grants) given to temples, indicating the support of the Chauhan rulers for religious institutions. Such land grants were common as a means to gain legitimacy and support from religious leaders, and they also fostered the growth of pilgrimage sites and local economies.

4. Administrative Structure and Divisions

• Village and Regional Administration: The inscription provides details about the administrative divisions during the Chauhan rule:
  • Desh, Pattan, Pur, Palli, Gram: These terms represent different administrative levels, ranging from village units to larger regions.
  • Pratigana: A larger unit within village administration, suggesting a systematic approach to governance.
  • Titles and Roles: The head of a village was called a Mahattar, while the head of a Pratigana was known as a Parigrahi. These titles indicate a well-defined hierarchy in local governance.
  • Feudals and Administrative Officials: The inscription also mentions feudal lords and officials named Bhukti, indicating the presence of a layered administrative structure in which local leaders played a significant role in governance.

5. Ancient City Names

• The Bijoliya inscription lists ancient names for various cities in Rajasthan, providing insights into the region’s historical geography:
  • Vijayavalli (Bijoliya): Present-day Bijoliya, known for its temples and inscriptions.
  • Srimal (Bhinmal): A city historically significant as a center of learning.
  • Ahichhatrapur (Nagaur): The Chauhans’ early capital, a strategic center in Rajasthan.
  • Mandalkar (Mandalgarh), Jabalipur (Jalore), Nagrhad (Nagda), Naddul (Nadol), Uttamadri (Upmaramal), Shakambhari (Sambhar), and Dhillika (Delhi): These names provide a snapshot of the medieval Rajputana and its urban centers.

6. Authorship and Additional Inscriptions

• Author and Engraver: The author of the Bijoliya inscription is Gunabhadra, while the Kayastha (scribe) Keshav and the engraver Govind are credited with its creation.
• Related Inscriptions: Another inscription near this one records the Uttam Shikhar Purana, composed by Siddhasuri, adding to the Jain literary tradition of the region.

Vigraharaj IV’s Inscription from Saraswati Kanthabharan Temple, Ajmer

• Location and Preservation: This inscription is obtained from the Saraswati Kanthabharan Temple in Ajmer and is preserved in the Rajputana Museum. It offers valuable insights into the origins of the Chauhan dynasty.
• Origin Theories in the Inscription:
  • Malava Dynasty: It mentions that the first Chauhan ruler emerged from the Malava dynasty, linking the clan to the ancient region of Malwa.
  • Ikshvaku Clan: It claims that the Chauhans originated from the Ikshvaku lineage, part of the Suryavanshi or solar dynasty, tracing their ancestry to Lord Rama’s clan.
  • Descendants of Kush: Another account describes the Chauhans as descendants of Kush, the younger son of Lord Rama, further connecting them to the prestigious Suryavanshi lineage.
  • Chahmaan as the Adi Purusha: The inscription also notes Chahmaan as the original progenitor (Adi Purusha) of the Chauhan dynasty, emphasizing their distinct identity within Rajput clans.

Place of Origin and Early Territory

• Anant Pradesh to Pushkar: The Chauhans’ initial territory extended from Anant Pradesh, near Sikar, to Pushkar, Ajmer, signifying their control over a vast region in central Rajasthan.
• Sambhar Lake and the Name ‘Chahman’: Historian Ramkarna Asopa suggests that the Chauhans were known as Chahman because they lived around the Sambhar Lake area, a region also referred to as Sapadalaksha.
• Capital at Ahichhatrapur (Nagaur): The major part of their early kingdom was around Sapadalaksha, with Ahichhatrapur (Nagaur) as their initial capital before their expansion to other parts of Rajasthan and northern India.

VASUDEV

Establishment of the Chauhan State: Vasudev (founder) is credited with founding the Chauhan state in the region of Sapadalaksha around 551 AD, as per the Prabandh Kosh written by Rajshekhar. Sapadalaksha refers to the area around the Sambhar Lake in present-day Rajasthan.

Construction of Sambhar Lake: The Bijoliya inscription records that Vasudev was responsible for building the Sambhar Lake, a vital saltwater lake that contributed to the region’s economic prosperity. This lake remains a significant source of salt production in India to this day

Capital at Nagaur: Vasudev established Nagaur as the capital of the Chauhan state, marking the beginning of the dynasty’s influence over central Rajasthan.

GUVAK I

Feudatory Status to Independence: Initially, the Chauhans were feudatories of the Pratihara dynasty, a major power in northern India. Guvak I served under the Pratihara king Nagabhatta II and earned the title of “Veer” in the royal assembly, reflecting his valor.

Rejection of Pratihara Authority: Guvak I eventually refused to acknowledge the overlordship of Nagabhatta II, declaring independence from the Pratiharas. This act marked the beginning of the Chauhan dynasty’s emergence as a sovereign power in Rajasthan.

CHANDANRAJ

Queen Atmaprabha (Rudrani): Chandanraj’s wife, Atmaprabha, was a devoted follower of Lord Shiva. She is known for her spiritual practice of lighting 1,000 lamps at Pushkar Lake as part of her worship. She was also skilled in yoga, highlighting the blend of devotion and yogic practices in the royal household.

VAKPATIRAJ

Military Success: Vakpatiraj was a formidable warrior, known for winning 108 battles, which underscored the military prowess of the Chauhan rulers during this period.

Establishment of Nadole: His son, Lakshmanraj (also known as Lakshman Singh or Lakhanasi), established a new branch of the Chauhan kingdom in Nadole (modern-day Pali) around 950 AD. This marked the expansion of Chauhan influence in southern Rajasthan.

VIGRAHARAJ II

Conquest of Gujarat: Vigraharaj II defeated Malkaraja I, a Chalukya king of Gujarat, demonstrating Chauhan strength beyond Rajasthan’s borders. After his victory, he constructed a temple for the family deity, Ashapura Mata, in Bhadoch, reinforcing his spiritual and martial leadership.

GOVIND III

Defense against the Ghaznavids: According to the Muslim historian Farishta, Govind III successfully prevented the king of Ghazni from advancing into the Marwar region. This defense was a significant achievement in protecting northwestern India from external invasions.

Title “Variighatta”: In the text Prithviraj Vijay, Govind III is described as “Variighatta,” meaning “destroyer of enemies.” This title attests to his reputation as a formidable warrior.

AJAYRAJ (1105-1133 AD)

Founding of Ajmer: Ajayraj founded the city of Ajmer in 1113 AD and made it the new capital of the Chauhan state. He also constructed the fort of Ajmer, which served as a strategic stronghold.

Introduction of Ajayapriya Dram Coins: Ajayraj introduced silver and copper coins called “Ajayapriya Dram,” which bear the name of his queen, Somlekha (Somal Devi). These coins signify the economic development and monetization of the region under his rule.

Religious Patronage: He presided over a debate between Digambar and Shwetambar Jain scholars and presented a golden pot (Kalash) to the Parsvanath temple, indicating his support for religious discourse and activities.

Retirement to Pushkaranya: Towards the end of his reign, Ajayraj abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Arnoraj, and retired to the holy region of Pushkaranya, underscoring the significance of Pushkar in Rajput spirituality.

ARNORAJ (1133-1155 AD)

Victory Over the Turks: In 1135 AD, Arnoraj defeated the invading Turks near Ajmer, thereby consolidating the Chauhan rule in Rajasthan. To commemorate this victory, he constructed the Anasagar Lake by damming the Chandra River near Pushkar.

Architectural Contributions: Arnoraj built the Varaha temple in Pushkar, further solidifying the region’s status as a center of Hindu pilgrimage.

Defeat and Alliances with Gujarat: Arnoraj defeated King Naravarman of Malwa and Siddharaj Jai Singh, the Chalukya ruler of Gujarat. However, he later suffered a defeat against the Chalukya king Kumarapala and had to marry his daughter Jalhandevi to Kumarapala, forming a political alliance.

Scholars at Court: His court was home to scholars like Devabodh and Dharmaghosh, reflecting the patronage of intellectual and religious endeavors.

Assassination: Arnoraj’s reign ended when he was assassinated by his son Jagdev, indicating internal strife within the dynasty.

VIGRAHARAJ IV (1153-1163 AD)

Rise to Power: After the assassination of Arnoraj, his son Jagdev briefly took control, but Vigraharaj IV, his younger brother, eventually deposed Jagdev to become the ruler.

Golden Age of Ajmer: Dr. Dashrath Sharma describes the reign of Vigraharaj IV as the golden period of the Chauhans of Ajmer/Sapadalaksha, marked by military success and cultural prosperity.

Conquests: Vigraharaj IV defeated the Tomar king of Dhillika (Delhi) and the Chalukya ruler Kumarapala, extending his influence over regions like Jalore, Pali, Nadole, and Chittor.

Delhi Shivalik Pillar: He inscribed his victories on the Tophara (Haryana) pillar of Ashoka, which was later moved to Feroz Shah Kotla by Feroz Tughlaq. This inscription claims that Vigraharaj IV had expelled Muslim invaders from Aryavarta and sought to restrict them to the banks of the Attock River.

Cultural Contributions: Vigraharaj IV founded the city of Bisalpur (in modern-day Tonk), where he built a pond and a Shiva temple named Gokarneshwar. He also established a Sanskrit school called Saraswati Kanthabharan and a Saraswati temple in Ajmer, promoting the study of classical literature.

Literary Works: Vigraharaj IV is credited with writing a play titled Harkeli, based on Bhairavi’s Kiratarjuniya. His court scholar Somdev authored Lalit Vigraharaj, a romantic narrative about Vigraharaj and Princess Desaladevi of Indrapuri, which also records his military victories, including the defeat of Khusro Shah, the ruler of Ghazni.

Conversion of Sanskrit School into Mosque: The Sanskrit school established by Vigraharaj IV was later converted into a mosque known as “Adhai Din Ka Jhopda” by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. It remains a notable architectural site in Ajmer, where the Urs of Peer Punjab Shah is celebrated annually.

Titles: Vigraharaj IV earned the titles “Biseldev,” “Kavibandhu” (friend of poets), and is praised by scholars like Kilharn, who compared his literary abilities to those of the classical poets Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti.

Religious Practices: Following the advice of Dharmaghosh Suri, a Jain scholar, Vigraharaj IV banned animal sacrifice on the day of Ekadashi, reflecting his support for Jain principles.

APARGANGYA

Succession Conflict: Apargangya, the son of Vigraharaj IV, faced a power struggle with Prithviraj II, the son of Jagdev. Prithviraj II ultimately ousted Apargangya, taking control of the Chauhan throne.

PRITHVIRAJ II (1167-1169 AD)

Chandravanshi Lineage: According to the Hansi inscription of 1167 AD, Prithviraj II is described as belonging to the Chandravanshi (lunar) lineage of the Chauhans. The reference to Chandravanshi roots illustrates the dynasty’s efforts to claim prestigious mythological ancestry, which helped reinforce their legitimacy and royal status.

Role in Hansi: Prithviraj II appointed his maternal uncle, Guhil Kilhan, as the administrator of Hansi, a strategic location in modern-day Haryana. He also constructed a palace in Hansi, indicating his efforts to strengthen the dynasty’s presence in the region.

Military Achievements: In 1168 AD, an inscription from the Ruthi Rani temple in Dhaud village (Bhilwara, Rajasthan) records that Prithviraj II had gained his kingdom through martial prowess. This demonstrates his role as a warrior-king who expanded and defended the Chauhan territories.

Queen Suhav Devi: The same inscription mentions his queen, Suhav Devi, highlighting the royal alliances that were crucial for the stability and expansion of the kingdom.

Construction of Suheshwar Shiva Temple: Prithviraj II is credited with building the Suheshwar Shiva Temple in Mainal (Bhilwara, Rajasthan). This temple symbolizes the dynasty’s continued patronage of Shaiva traditions and reflects their contributions to religious architecture in Rajasthan.

SOMESHWAR (1169-1178 AD)

Lineage and Early Life: Someshwar was the son of Chalukya princess Kanchanadevi and Arnoraj of the Chauhan dynasty. Due to his maternal ties, he spent his early years in the court of his maternal grandparents, Siddharaj Jai Singh and Kumarapala, rulers of Gujarat. This upbringing in the Chalukya court exposed him to Gujarat’s rich cultural and administrative traditions, influencing his future rule.

Victory Over the Konkan King: Someshwar played a pivotal role in the defeat of Mallikarjuna, a rival king of the Konkan region. This victory not only solidified his reputation as a capable warrior but also expanded Chauhan influence into the Konkan area.

Marriage Alliance with Chedi Kingdom: During his campaign in the Konkan, Someshwar married Princess Karpoori Devi, the daughter of Chedi King Achalraj Kalachuri. This marriage alliance with the Chedi kingdom strengthened ties with central Indian powers and furthered the Chauhan dynasty’s influence.

Religious and Cultural Patronage:

• Revana Village Donation: According to the Bijoliya inscription, Someshwar donated a village named Revana to a temple, showcasing his support for religious institutions. In this inscription, he is referred to as Pratap Lankeshwar, a title that signifies his valor and strength.
• Vaidhyanath Temple in Ajmer: Someshwar constructed the grand Vaidhyanath Temple in Ajmer, which enshrined the idols of Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh (Shiva). This temple reflected the Chauhan dynasty’s commitment to promoting Hinduism and preserving its traditions.
• Five Kalpavriksha Temples: In addition to the Vaidhyanath Temple, Someshwar is credited with building five temples in Ajmer, collectively known as the Five Kalpavriksha. The term Kalpavriksha refers to the mythical wish-fulfilling trees in Hindu mythology, symbolizing the spiritual importance of these temples.
• Installation of Idols: Someshwar also installed idols of his father Arnoraj and himself in the temples he constructed. This act was both an expression of filial piety and a way to assert the lineage and legacy of the Chauhan rulers, ensuring that their memory would be preserved in the sacred spaces of Ajmer.

 

PRITHVIRAJ III (1177-1192)

Prithviraj III, often referred to as Prithviraj Chauhan, is among the most celebrated and debated rulers in the history of the Chauhan dynasty. His rule, characterized by valiant battles, romantic tales, and tragic defeat, marks a turning point in Indian history, leading to the establishment of foreign rule in the Indian subcontinent. Here is a detailed analysis of his reign, from his early life to his battles and the far-reaching impact of his defeat.

Early Life and Ascension to the Throne

• Parentage and Early Rule: Prithviraj III was born to King Someshwar and Queen Karpoori Devi, the daughter of Achalraj of the Kalachuri dynasty from the Chedi state. His royal lineage connected him to both the Chauhans and the Kalachuris, two influential dynasties of the time.
• Becoming King: He ascended to the throne at the young age of 11, following the death of his father, Someshwar. Due to his young age, his mother, Karpoori Devi, acted as the regent and managed the administration for about a year with the assistance of capable ministers.
• Notable Ministers: The administration during his early reign was supported by a council of chief ministers, including Kiamas, Bhuvanamall, Skanda, Vaman, and Sodh. These ministers helped stabilize the kingdom during a time of transition.

Challenges and Internal Conflicts

• Suppression of Rebellions: After assuming full control of the administration, Prithviraj faced significant internal challenges. He suppressed the rebellion led by his cousins, Apargangya and Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna, who established his base in Gurgaon (present-day Gurugram), posed a substantial threat with the support of his commander Devabhatta.
• Revolt of the Bhandanak Tribe: In 1182 AD, Prithviraj successfully suppressed a rebellion by the Bhandanak tribe in the regions of Hisar and Gurugram. The tribe, originally from the Sutlej region in Punjab, had become a source of unrest in areas like Mathura, Bharatpur, and Alwar. This victory helped stabilize these regions under Chauhan control, as recorded in the writings of Jain scholar Jinpati Suri.

Major Battles and Conquests

• War of Mahoba (1182 AD):
  • Conflict with Paramardidev Chandel: The war between Prithviraj Chauhan and Paramardidev Chandel of Mahoba is known as the War of Mahoba or Tumul War. The immediate cause was the killing of Prithviraj’s injured soldiers by Paramardidev.
  • Outcome: Prithviraj defeated the Chandelas and appointed Pajunarai as the governor of Mahoba. The battle saw the martyrdom of the brave commanders Alha and Udhal, who fought on the side of Paramardidev, becoming legendary figures in regional folklore.
• Battle of Nagaur (1184 AD):
  • Conflict with Bhima II Chalukya: This battle arose from both political and personal reasons. Prithviraj III and Bhima II, the Chalukya king of Gujarat, were both interested in marrying Ichivi Devi, the princess of Abu. Prithviraj ultimately married her, which heightened tensions.
  • Border Dispute: The kingdoms of Nadole and Abu bordered each other, and both rulers sought to expand their influence in this strategic region. The border dispute added to the rivalry.
  • Mediation by Jagdev Pratihara: Jagdev Pratihara played a role in mediating a treaty between Prithviraj and Bhima II, highlighting the diplomatic attempts to maintain stability in the region.
• Chauhan-Gahadwal Dispute:
  • Conflict with Jayachand of Kannauj: Prithviraj’s rivalry with Jayachand, the Gahadwal ruler of Kannauj, was fueled by multiple factors, including territorial ambitions over Delhi, Jayachand’s support for the Chandelas, and Prithviraj’s policy of expansion.
  • Sanyogita Episode: The most famous aspect of this conflict is the story of Prithviraj’s elopement with Jayachand’s daughter, Sanyogita. This romantic episode, often portrayed as a blend of history and folklore, is considered a historical fact by scholars like Dasharatha Sharma, Gopinath Sharma, and C.V. Vaidya.

Battles of Tarain: A Turning Point in Indian History

• First Battle of Tarain (1191 AD):
  • Conflict with Muhammad Ghori: The first battle occurred when Muhammad Ghori, the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, captured Tabar Hind (Bhatinda) and appointed Qazi Ziauddin as its governor. Prithviraj responded to this invasion, leading to a decisive confrontation at Tarain.
  • Outcome: Prithviraj emerged victorious in this battle. Ghori was severely injured by Govindraj Tomar, a Rajput commander, and retreated. Qazi Ziauddin was captured but was released upon paying a ransom.
• Second Battle of Tarain (1192 AD):
  • Reversal of Fortune: In the second battle, Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan. The battle took place near Saraswati in Sirsa (Haryana), where Prithviraj was captured.
  • Aftermath of Defeat: According to the historian Hasan Nizami, Prithviraj was held as a captive under Ghori’s control and may have ruled under his authority for a brief period. Hasan Nizami documented this in his work, Taj ul-Masir.

Reasons for the Defeat in the Second Battle of Tarain

• Internal Disputes: Prithviraj’s strained relations with neighboring Rajput rulers meant that he received little or no assistance in his war against Ghori.
• Numerical Disadvantage: Prithviraj’s forces were outnumbered, and many of his commanders were engaged in other battles. Notably, Skandh and Udayaraj were absent, while his relative Someshwar reportedly sided with Ghori.
• Strategic Missteps: After winning the first battle, Prithviraj allowed Ghori time to regroup and prepare, missing an opportunity to decisively defeat the invader.
• Superior Strategy of Ghori: Ghori’s superior command and strategic use of diplomacy played a significant role in the outcome of the second battle.
• Technological Edge: The Turkish army used lighter weapons and relied on cavalry, whereas the Rajputs predominantly used elephants, which proved less effective in fast-paced battles.

Consequences and Impact of the Tarain Wars

• End of Rajput Dominance: The defeat of Prithviraj at Tarain marked the end of Rajput hegemony in northern India. After this defeat, no Rajput ruler could regain control over Delhi, opening the path for the establishment of Islamic rule in India.
• Start of Foreign Rule: The defeat initiated a period of foreign rule in India that continued until 1947, shaping the region’s history for centuries.
• Cultural Shifts: The presence of the Turkish rulers introduced significant changes:
  • Emergence of Indo-Islamic Culture: The blending of Islamic and Indian traditions led to a new cultural synthesis, especially visible in architecture, music, and painting.
  • Religious Movements: The Sufi and Bhakti movements emerged as responses to the socio-political changes, promoting spiritual unity and social reform.
  • Decline of Hindu and Buddhist Sites: The Turkish invasions led to the destruction of Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries, contributing to the decline of Buddhist culture in India by 1200 AD.

Cultural Contributions of Prithviraj III

• Art and Culture Department: Prithviraj established a department dedicated to promoting art and culture, appointing Padmanabh as the minister in charge.
• Construction of Pithora Fort: He built Pithora Fort near Delhi, symbolizing the strength of the Chauhan rule.
• Patronage of Scholars: Prithviraj’s court hosted renowned scholars, including:
  • Chand Bardai (Prithvi Bhatt): Authored the epic Prithviraj Raso, chronicling the life and exploits of Prithviraj Chauhan.
  • Jayanak: Wrote Prithviraj Vijay, a historical account of Prithviraj’s reign.
  • Other Scholars: Notable figures like Vagishwar Janardan, Vidyapati Gaur, and Om Ashadhar contributed to the intellectual environment of his court.

Evaluation of Prithviraj Chauhan

• Military Prowess: Despite criticisms of being an immature commander, Prithviraj had not faced defeat before the second battle of Tarain. His victories against internal rebels and in the first battle against Ghori highlight his capabilities.
• Adherence to Cultural Ideals: Prithviraj’s decisions, such as sparing a defeated opponent, reflected the cultural values of his time, emphasizing forgiveness and honor. These principles, however, may have limited his strategic flexibility against an adversary like Ghori.
• Legacy: Though his defeat marked the beginning of foreign rule in India, Prithviraj Chauhan remains a symbol of Rajput valor and chivalry in medieval Indian history.

Titles of Prithviraj Chauhan

• Raipithaura: A title emphasizing his royal stature.
• Dalpungal: A title referring to his prowess in battle and his ability to crush enemy forces.

HISTORY OF RANTHAMBORE

Ranthambore, a region known for its strategic fort and rich history, was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty, particularly after the fall of Ajmer and Delhi to the Turks. This region became a focal point of Rajput resistance against the Sultanate, with Hammir Dev Chauhan’s legacy standing as a symbol of valor and sacrifice. Below is an expanded analysis of the history of Ranthambore, focusing on the key rulers and their contributions, battles, and cultural achievements.

GOVINDA RAJ

Founding of the Independent Chauhan State: Govinda Raj, son of Prithviraj Chauhan, initially accepted Turkish suzerainty and became the ruler of Ajmer after the defeat of the Rajputs in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 AD). However, his rule in Ajmer was short-lived.

Conflict with Hariraj: His uncle, Hariraj, challenged his rule and eventually overthrew him. Hariraj, determined to reclaim Delhi from the Turks, sent his commander Chattaraj to attack Delhi, but Chattaraj faced defeat. When Qutb-ud-din Aibak invaded Ajmer, Hariraj and his family committed self-immolation.

Establishment of Ranthambore: After being displaced from Ajmer, Govinda Raj established an independent Chauhan state in Ranthambore, shifting the focus of Rajput resistance against the Delhi Sultanate to this region.

Successors of Govinda Raj and Their Struggle for Independence

• Valhan, Pralhadan, and Veeranarayana

Govinda Raj’s successors—Valhan, Pralhadan, and Veeranarayana—continued to rule Ranthambore. Veeranarayana fought valiantly against the forces of Iltutmish, the Delhi Sultan, but ultimately lost his life in battle.

• Vagabhatta’s Resistance

Following Veeranarayana’s death, Vagabhatta assumed leadership and successfully defended Ranthambore against the Turkish invasions. Nasiruddin, a subsequent ruler from the Delhi Sultanate, launched military campaigns against Vagabhatta but failed to establish control over Ranthambore.

• Jatrasingh’s Rule

Jatrasingh, Vagabhatta’s son, took over the reins of Ranthambore. During his rule, he successfully resisted invasions from neighboring kingdoms and maintained the reputation and independence of the Chauhan dynasty against external threats from the Kachhwaha, Paramara, and Muslim forces.

HAMMIR DEV CHAUHAN (1282-1301 AD)

Ascension to the Throne: Hammir Dev Chauhan, son of Jaitra Singh, became the ruler of Ranthambore during his father’s lifetime. Following Jaitra Singh’s death, Hammir embarked on a series of campaigns to consolidate his power.

• Digvijay Campaign: Hammir followed a policy of Digvijay (victorious conquest) to expand his kingdom. He defeated notable rulers like Samar Singh of Chittor, Bhoj Parmar of Dhar, Arjuna of Bhimaras, and Pratap Singh of Abu. He collected tribute from Mandalgarh, established control over regions like Vardhanpur, Pushkar, Champa, and expanded his influence over Shivpur (Gwalior), Balban (Kota), and Shakambhari.
• Koti Yajna: After his successful conquests, Hammir organized a grand Koti Yajna (a large-scale Vedic sacrifice), with Vishwarup as the presiding priest, symbolizing his gratitude to the gods and his commitment to Hindu traditions.

Conflicts with the Khilji Dynasty

• Jalaluddin Khilji’s Invasions:
  • First Invasion (1290 AD): Sultan Jalaluddin Khilji of Delhi attacked Ranthambore, managing to capture the Zain fort, an important part of Ranthambore’s defense system. However, once Jalaluddin returned to Delhi, Hammir quickly regained control over the fort.
  • Second Invasion (1292 AD): Jalaluddin Khilji attempted another invasion but faced strong resistance from Hammir’s forces, leading to a stalemate. Amir Khusro, a contemporary Persian poet, recorded this event in his work Mifta-ul-Futuh, highlighting Khilji’s disdain for the strength of Rajput forts.
• Alauddin Khilji’s Campaign Against Ranthambore:
  • Reasons for the Conflict: The conflict between Hammir and Alauddin Khilji, Jalaluddin’s nephew, was driven by multiple factors:
    1. Alauddin’s expansionist ambitions and his desire to control the trade routes passing through Ranthambore.
    2. The strategic importance of Ranthambore as a gateway to Gujarat and Malwa.
    3. Alauddin sought to avenge Hammir’s resistance to Jalaluddin’s earlier invasions.
    4. Hammir’s decision to provide refuge to Mongol rebels, Muhammad Al Shah and Kehbru, who had defied Alauddin, further escalated tensions.
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1299-1301 AD): In 1299, Alauddin sent Nusrat Khan, Ulugh Khan, and Alapp Khan to capture Ranthambore. Though the Turks initially took control of the Zain fort, Hammir’s forces managed to reclaim it.
  • Internal Betrayals: Hammir faced internal betrayal by Ratipal and Ranmal during this period, weakening his defenses. As a result, Alauddin Khilji launched a final attack in 1301 AD, leading to the defeat of Hammir.
  • Saka and Jauhar: Facing inevitable defeat, Hammir performed Saka (a final charge into battle) while his queen, Rani Rangadevi, and the women of the fort committed Jauhar (self-immolation) to avoid capture. This act of sacrifice marked the first recorded Saka and Jauhar in Rajasthan’s history. Amir Khusro, in his work Khazain-ul-Futuh, provides a detailed account of this event, describing it as the “house of Kuffra” turning into the “house of Islam.”
  • Capture of Ranthambore: On 11th July 1301 AD, Alauddin Khilji captured Ranthambore, assigning its control to Ulugh Khan. This victory allowed the Sultanate to strengthen its grip over northern and central India.

 

Cultural and Architectural Contributions of Hammir

• 32-Pillar Memorial: In memory of his father Jaitra Singh’s 32-year rule, Hammir built a memorial structure with 32 pillars (Chhatri) at Ranthambore, showcasing the architectural tradition of the time.
• Literary Contributions: Hammir himself was a patron of the arts and wrote a book titled Shringar Haar, reflecting his interest in literature and poetry.
• Court Scholars: Hammir’s court was a center of learning, where scholars like Raghavdev, his spiritual mentor, and Bijhaditya flourished. They contributed to the preservation and promotion of classical Sanskrit literature.

Evaluation of Hammir Dev Chauhan

• Taxation and Warfare: Hammir is often criticized for raising taxes and engaging in persistent warfare. However, these actions were a strategic necessity, given the continuous threat of invasions. His taxation policy, implemented during wartime, was aimed at gathering resources for the defense of the kingdom.
• Upholding the Rajput Code of Honor: Hammir’s decision to offer refuge to rebels, even at the risk of inviting the Sultanate’s wrath, was in keeping with the Rajput tradition of protecting those who sought shelter. This adherence to Rajput ideals of honor and valor is often praised as a testament to his integrity.
• Legacy of Sacrifice and Valor: Hammir’s readiness to sacrifice everything in defense of his kingdom and his subjects makes him a celebrated figure in the annals of Rajput history. His resistance against the Khilji dynasty, despite overwhelming odds, continues to inspire tales of bravery and loyalty.

Books and Literary Works on Hammir

• Hammir Mahakavya by Nayan Chandra Suri
• Hammir Raso by Jodhraj and Sarangadhar
• Hammir Hatha by Chandra Shekhar
• Hammir Bandhan by Amrit Kailash
• Hammyarayan by Bhandau Vyas

 

DEVAL DEVI: A TALE OF TRAGIC END Jal Johar: Deval Devi, Hammir’s daughter, performed Jal Johar (self-immolation by drowning) by jumping into Padam Pond to avoid capture by the invading forces. Her sacrifice is remembered as a part of the broader narrative of resistance against foreign invasion.

 

HISTORY OF NADOLE

The Chauhans of Nadole and Jalore, branches of the broader Chauhan dynasty, were instrumental in resisting the Turkish invasions and maintaining Rajput sovereignty in parts of Rajasthan during the 12th to 14th centuries. These rulers, from Lakshman Singh’s establishment of Nadole’s independence to Kanhad Dev’s last stand against Alauddin Khilji, exemplify the valor, strategic acumen, and cultural contributions of the Chauhan lineage. Below is an expanded history of their rule, focusing on key rulers and events. Chauhans of Nadole establishing independence and defending Rajputana:

LAKSHMAN SINGH (LAKHA)

Founding of Nadole: Lakshman Singh, also known as Lakha, was the son of Vakpatiraja, the Chauhan king of Sambhar. In 960 AD, he established an independent Chauhan kingdom in Nadole (modern-day Pali, Rajasthan), setting the stage for a strong regional Rajput presence in western Rajasthan.

Cultural Contributions: Lakshman Singh built a temple dedicated to Ashapura Mata, the clan goddess of the Chauhans, in Nadole. This temple became a significant spiritual center for the Chauhans, showcasing their devotion to their kuldevi (family deity).

AHEEL (RULER OF NADOLE)

Military Achievements: Aheel defeated the forces of Bhimdev of Gujarat, showcasing the Chauhans’ ability to resist powerful regional adversaries. He also beheaded the commander of Bhoj Parmar of Malwa, further consolidating Chauhan control in the region.

Confrontation with Mahmud Ghaznavi: During Mahmud Ghaznavi’s infamous raid on the Somnath temple in 1025 AD, Aheel confronted the invading forces. While the Chauhans could not prevent the looting of the temple, their resistance against the Ghaznavids demonstrated the regional defiance against foreign invasions.

ALHAN

Foundation of Jalore Branch: Alhan’s son, Kirtipal, extended the Chauhan rule by founding the Chauhan kingdom in Jalore. This marked the beginning of the Sonagara branch of the Chauhan dynasty, named after the Sonagiri hill where the Jalore Fort is located.

KIRTIPAL (1181 AD)

Chauhans of Jalore: The Rise of the Sonagara Dynasty

Establishment of Sonagara Chauhan Rule: Kirtipal defeated Kuntpal Parmar and captured Jalore, establishing the Sonagara branch of the Chauhan dynasty. The fort of Jalore, situated on the Sonagiri hill, became the center of his power, earning it the names Sonagarh, Suvarnagiri, and Kanchanagiri.

Military Conquests: Kirtipal defeated Samant Singh of Chittor, further consolidating Chauhan power in the region. According to the Khyat (chronicle) of Nainasi, he was considered a great ruler, described as Rajeshwar (lord of kings) in the inscription of Sundha Parvat, a testimony to his prestige.

SAMAR SINGH

Fortifications and Alliances: Samar Singh strengthened the defenses of Jalore by building a robust rampart, treasury, and armory. He married his daughter, Liladevi, to Bhima II, the Chalukya king of Gujarat, forming a strategic alliance with the neighboring state.

UDAY SINGH

Territorial Expansion: Uday Singh expanded the Chauhan territory by capturing parts of Mandore and Nadole that had fallen under the control of Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi. He also defeated Lavanprasad of Gujarat, reinforcing Chauhan dominance in the region.

CHACHIGDEV

Title of Maharajadhiraja: Chachigdev held the prestigious title of Maharajadhiraja (King of Kings), signifying his paramount status among Rajput rulers. Despite being contemporary to the Delhi Sultans Nasiruddin Mahmud and Balban, his rule in Jalore remained unchallenged by them, indicating the strength of his kingdom.

SAMANT SINGH (1291 AD)

Defense Against Jalaluddin Khilji: When Sultan Jalaluddin Khilji of Delhi advanced as far as Sanchore in 1291 AD, Samant Singh, with the assistance of Sarangdev Baghela, successfully halted his incursion, preserving the independence of Jalore during this period of growing Sultanate power.

KANHAD DEV (KANHADDEV)

Struggle Against Alauddin Khilji

1. Causes of Conflict with Alauddin Khilji

• Imperialist Ambitions of Alauddin: After conquering Chittor and Ranthambore, Alauddin Khilji sought to bring Jalore under his control to secure strategic trade routes between Delhi, Gujarat, and South India.
• Strategic Location of Jalore: Jalore’s position on the trade route made it a valuable target for Alauddin’s expansionist policies.
• Hostility During the Gujarat Campaign: In 1298 AD, during Alauddin’s campaign in Gujarat, the Chauhans of Jalore refused to allow the Sultan’s army passage through their territory. Additionally, Jaita Deora, Kanhaddev’s commander, attacked the retreating Turkish forces, seizing pieces of the sacred Shivalinga from the Somnath temple.

2. Confrontations and Betrayals

• Battle of Sevana (1308 AD): Kanhaddev’s nephews, Satal and Son, led the defense during the first Saka (heroic last stand) of Sevana. However, internal betrayal by a soldier led to the Turkish victory. Alauddin renamed Sevana to Khairabad and assigned it to Kamaluddin Gurg.
• Malkana War: After the loss of Sevana, the Turkish forces destroyed the Mahavirji temple at Sanchor and attacked Bhinmal, a center of learning. In response, Kanhaddev rallied Rajput allies and defeated the Turkish army near Medta, capturing their commander, Shamskhan, and his wife.

3. Alauddin Khilji’s Final Invasion of Jalore (1311 AD)

• Second Saka and Jauhar: Faced with overwhelming forces, Kanhaddev, alongside his son Veeramdev, led a Saka in 1311 AD. Rani Rangadevi and the women of Jalore performed Jauhar (mass self-immolation), refusing to surrender to the invaders. This act of sacrifice marked a tragic end to the Chauhan resistance in Jalore.
• Betrayal by Bika Dahiya: The defeat of Kanhaddev was partly due to the betrayal of Bika Dahiya, who switched sides to the Sultan. However, his wife, Hirade, killed him to avenge his betrayal.
• Change of Power: After capturing Jalore, Alauddin Khilji renamed it Jalalabad and constructed the Alai/Topkhana Masjid, symbolizing the shift of power from the Chauhans to the Sultanate.

 

Cultural and Literary Contributions

1. Kanhad Dev’s Cultural Legacy

• Memorial of Jaitra Singh: Kanhaddev constructed a chhatri (umbrella structure) with 32 pillars at Ranthambore in memory of his father’s 32-year rule, exemplifying the architectural heritage of the Chauhans.
• Literary Works:
  • Kanhadde Prabandhan: Written by Padmanabha, this text chronicles the life and struggles of Kanhaddev, providing valuable insights into the political and military history of the period.
  • Veeramdev Sonagara Ri Baat: A narrative that celebrates the bravery of Veeramdev and the sacrifices made by the Sonagara Chauhans in the face of foreign invasions.

2. Legends and Stories

• Princess Feroza and Veeramdev: According to the Khyat of Nainasi, Princess Feroza, daughter of Alauddin Khilji, developed an affection for Veeramdev, Kanhaddev’s son. This legend is often cited as a contributing factor to the conflict between the Chauhans and the Sultanate, although its historical accuracy remains debated.

CHAUHANS OF SIROHI

The Chauhan dynasty, known for its various branches, played an influential role in the history of Rajasthan through its rule in regions such as Sirohi and Bundi. The Deora branch in Sirohi and the Hada branch in Bundi left their mark through their conquests, alliances, and cultural contributions. Below is a detailed overview of the history of the Chauhans in these regions, focusing on significant rulers, their achievements, and the geopolitical changes they navigated.

LUMBA (1311 AD)

Conquest of Abu and Chandravati: After the fall of Jalore to Alauddin Khilji in 1311 AD, Lumba of the Deora branch defeated the Paramaras and took control of the strategic regions of Abu and Chandravati. He then made Chandravati his capital, establishing a new power center for the Chauhans in the region.

SHIVBHAN (1405 AD)

Establishment of Shivpuri as the Capital: In 1405 AD, Shivbhan shifted the capital from Chandravati to Shivpuri, seeking a more secure and strategically advantageous location. This move played a role in consolidating Deora rule over the surrounding areas.

SHASHMAL (1425 AD)

Foundation of Sirohi: Shashmal founded the city of Sirohi in 1425 AD, making it the new capital of the Deora Chauhan state. The establishment of Sirohi marked the beginning of a period of stability and growth for the Deoras.

JAGMAL (1474 AD)

Alliance with Mewar: During the invasion of Sultan Bahlol Lodi of Delhi, Jagmal provided assistance to Maharana Raymal of Mewar in 1474 AD, strengthening ties between Sirohi and Mewar and maintaining Rajput unity against external threats.

AKHAIRAJ (UDANA AKHAIRAJ)

Notable Figure: Akhairaj, also known as Udana Akhairaj, is remembered in regional folklore, although specific details about his reign are limited.

SURTAAN (1583 AD)

Struggle for Power: During Surtaan’s time, Bija Deora sought control over Sirohi and sought assistance from Maharaja Rai Singh of Bikaner. Rai Singh eventually took control of half of Sirohi and handed it over to the Mughal Emperor Akbar, who then granted it to Jagmal, the younger brother of Maharana Pratap.

Battle of Datani (1583 AD): In this conflict, Surtaan successfully defeated the forces of Akbar, which included commanders such as Rai Singh (son of Chandrasen of Marwar), Jagmal (brother of Maharana Pratap), and Danti Singh Koliwara. Surtaan’s victory allowed him to retain control over Sirohi against the Mughal pressure.

Cultural Contributions and Court Scholars: Dursa Adha: Surtaan’s court included the famous poet Dursa Adha, who composed Rao Surtana Ra Kavit, Virud Chathari (a collection of 76 titles of Maharana Pratap), and Kiratar Bawani. His works reflect the cultural vibrancy and literary tradition of the time.

MAN SINGH

Famed Swordsmanship: During Man Singh’s reign, the craftsmanship of the swords of Sirohi gained significant fame, becoming renowned throughout Rajasthan and beyond for their quality.

BARISAL

Shelter to Ajit Singh of Marwar: Barisal offered refuge to Ajit Singh of Marwar, showcasing the enduring tradition of Rajput hospitality and mutual support among the Rajput states.

SHIV SINGH (1823 AD)

Treaty with the British: Shiv Singh signed a treaty with the British in 1823 AD, making Sirohi the last princely state of Rajasthan to enter into an agreement with the British East India Company. This treaty marked a shift in Sirohi’s political alignment and initiated its integration into British India’s political framework.

CHAUHAN DYNASTY OF BUNDI

The Hada branch of the Chauhan dynasty ruled over Bundi. Before the Chauhans, Bundi was ruled by the Meena community. The region was named “Bundi” after a notable figure, Bunda Meena, who had a significant influence in the area.

In historical records, such as the inscription found at Ranakpur, Bundi is referred to as “Vrindavati,” highlighting its ancient cultural significance.

DEVA

Establishment of Hada Chauhans in Bundi: In 1241 AD, Deva of the Hada branch defeated Jaita Meena, marking the establishment of Hada rule in Bundi. This transition represents a shift in power from the Meenas to the Chauhan dynasty in the region.

JAITRA SINGH

Expansion of Bundi under the Chauhans: In 1274 AD, Jaitra Singh extended Bundi’s influence by conquering Kota, a neighboring region. He merged Kota with the Bundi state, expanding the territory under the Hada Chauhans’ control.

BAR SINGH

Architectural Contributions: In 1354 AD, Bar Singh constructed the famous Taragarh Fort in Bundi. This fort is particularly renowned for its stunning murals, which depict various scenes and artistic traditions of the time. The fort is a testament to the architectural prowess of the period and remains a significant heritage site in Rajasthan.

SURJAN

Relations with the Mughals: During the Mughal Emperor Akbar’s campaign against Ranthambore in 1569 AD, Surjan, a ruler of Bundi, accepted Akbar’s suzerainty, submitting to Mughal rule. Bhagwant Das of Amer played a crucial role in facilitating this alliance, showcasing the complex relationships between the Rajput states and the Mughal Empire.

Surjan also made religious contributions by building the Ranchaud (Krishna) temple in Dwarka, Gujarat, emphasizing the dynasty’s patronage of Hindu religious institutions.

Literary Contributions and Scholars: Surjan’s court hosted the scholar Chandra Shekhar, who authored notable works including Surjan Charit and Hammir Hatt. These texts are important sources of historical and literary knowledge about the era and the achievements of the rulers.

BUDDHA SINGH

Political Struggles and Succession: He authored the book Nehrang, contributing to the literary heritage of Bundi. His reign witnessed a significant succession struggle between his two sons:

• Dalel Singh (adopted son) and Umaid Singh vied for the throne, leading to a conflict that involved external powers.
• Sawai Jai Singh of Amer supported Dalel Singh, while the Marathas, a rising power in the region, backed Umaid Singh. This event is notable as Bundi became the first princely state in Rajasthan where the Marathas intervened in internal political matters.

AMAR KANWAR

Role of Women in Politics: She was the sister of Sawai Jai Singh and the queen of Buddha Singh. During the succession dispute, she invited Malhar Rao Holkar, a prominent Maratha general, to support Umaid Singh’s claim to the throne, illustrating the active role of women in the political dynamics of the time.

KRISHNA KANWAR

The daughter of Sawai Jai Singh and the wife of Dalel Singh, she was connected to the feudatory Salem Singh of Karwad. Her involvement signifies the interconnected relations among Rajput families and their role in political alliances.

VISHNU SINGH

Treaty with the British: In 1818 AD, Vishnu Singh signed a treaty with the British, marking a significant shift in Bundi’s political status. This treaty symbolized the beginning of British influence over Bundi and other princely states of Rajasthan, eventually leading to their integration into the British colonial framework.

The history of Bundi under the Hada branch of the Chauhan dynasty reflects a rich tapestry of cultural, architectural, and political developments. From its early roots as a Meena stronghold to its transformation under the Chauhans, Bundi’s rulers played a pivotal role in shaping the region’s identity. The strategic alliances with the Mughal Empire, the cultural patronage exemplified by architectural marvels like the Taragarh Fort, and the literary contributions of its scholars highlight the multifaceted legacy of Bundi. The succession struggles and subsequent involvement of the Marathas mark a crucial turning point, showcasing the shifting dynamics of regional power in the 18th century. The eventual treaty with the British in 1818 AD signaled the beginning of a new era of colonial influence. Today, Bundi stands as a testament to the historical complexity and resilience of Rajasthan’s princely states, preserving its heritage through its monuments, traditions, and stories of a bygone era.

CHAUHAN DYNASTY OF KOTA

Kota was ruled by the Hada branch of the Chauhan dynasty. This branch emerged as a significant power in the region, much like their counterparts in Bundi, and played a crucial role in the political and cultural development of Rajasthan.

MADHO SINGH

The Establishment of Kota’s Independence

Madho Singh, the son of King Ratan Singh of Bundi, became a pivotal figure in Kota’s history. In 1631 AD, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan declared Madho Singh as the independent ruler of Kota, marking the formal separation of Kota from Bundi.

As a reward for his success in the Asian campaign, Shah Jahan gifted him a prized horse named “Baad Raftar”, symbolizing the emperor’s favor and recognition of Madho Singh’s loyalty and military achievements.

 

HONORS BESTOWED BY THE MUGHALS Earlier, Emperor Jahangir had honored Madho Singh’s father, King Ratan Singh of Bundi, with prestigious titles like “Ramraj” and “Sir Bulandarai”, reflecting the strong ties between the Hada Chauhans and the Mughal court.

 

MUKUND SINGH

Mukund Singh, another significant ruler of Kota, commissioned the construction of the Abli Meeni Palace, adding to the architectural heritage of Kota.

He played a notable role in the Battle of Dharmat, siding with Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Shah Jahan, during the Mughal war of succession. Unfortunately, he was killed in battle, demonstrating the complex and often dangerous alliance politics of the time.

BHIM SINGH

Bhim Singh, a devout follower of the Vallabh sect, made notable changes to Kota’s cultural landscape. His spiritual leanings led him to adopt the name Krishnadas and rename Kota as Nandagram and Shergarh as Barsana, drawing from the mythological connections to the life of Lord Krishna. He also constructed the Sanwariya Ji temple in Baran, which remains a site of pilgrimage and devotion.

On the advice of the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar, Bhim Singh attacked Bundi and defeated King Buddha Singh. Following his victory, he renamed Bundi as Farrukhabad. Bhim Singh also acquired two cannons from the Bundi Fort, named “Dhuldhani” and “Kadkbajali”, which symbolized his conquest and power.

UMAID SINGH

Umaid Singh played a crucial role in Kota’s political alignment with the British. He signed a treaty with the British in 1817 AD, followed by a supplementary treaty in February 1818 AD. According to this agreement:

• Umaid Singh and his descendants would remain the rulers of Kota.
• Jaleem Singh Jhala would always hold the position of Dewan (Prime Minister) of Kota, effectively giving the Dewan significant authority over the state’s administration.
• This treaty marked a shift in Kota’s governance, as much of the actual power was transferred to the Dewan, illustrating the British strategy of controlling princely states through local intermediaries.

KISHOR SINGH II

During 1821 AD, Kishor Singh II faced a significant challenge in the Battle of Mangrol (Bara) against Jalim Singh Jhala. The battle was a power struggle within Kota, with Jalim Singh emerging victorious.

The British supported Jalim Singh, aligning with their broader policy of influencing internal affairs in princely states. The British commander James Todd played a role in the conflict, further entrenching British influence in the region.

The history of Kota under the Hada Chauhan rulers reflects the dynamic interplay between local leadership and external powers like the Mughals and the British. The transformation of Kota from a region under Bundi’s control to an independent princely state under Madho Singh, its architectural contributions, and the conflicts and alliances of its rulers showcase the strategic and cultural significance of this region in Rajasthan’s history. The treaties with the British mark a crucial period of political transition, as Kota navigated the challenges of maintaining autonomy while adapting to the realities of British colonial power. Today, Kota’s heritage, from its palaces to its historical narratives, stands as a testament to the region’s rich and complex legacy.