HISTORY OF MARWAR

The history of Marwar is closely intertwined with the lineage of the Rathore Vansh (Rathore dynasty). The origin of the Rathores has been a subject of debate among historians, with varying perspectives and interpretations about their roots. Here is an expanded exploration of these different viewpoints:

• Origins According to Bhato’s Texts: Some historical records, particularly those found in the writings of Bhato (a chronicler), suggest that the Rathores can trace their ancestry back to Hiranya Kashyap, a figure from ancient Hindu mythology known as a powerful king and the father of Prahlad. This mythological linkage points to a deep-rooted origin in ancient Indian cultural traditions, emphasizing the Rathores’ noble and divine lineage.
• Khyat of Jodhpur State: The Khyat, a traditional record or chronicle from the Jodhpur state, claims that the Rathores descended from King Vrihatabal, who was the son of King Vishwutman. This version highlights a lineage that emphasizes royal succession and the continuity of kingship through generations.
• Perspective of Dayaldas: The historian Dayaldas presents another view, describing the Rathores as Suryavanshi (descendants of the Sun dynasty). In his perspective, the Rathores trace their origins to Bhalla Rao, a Brahmin, indicating a lineage that combines elements of both royalty and spirituality. This interpretation emphasizes the divine right to rule associated with the Suryavanshi heritage.
• Nainasi’s Account: According to Nainasi, a chronicler of Rajasthan’s history, the Rathores of Marwar are a branch originating from Kannauj, an ancient city known for its cultural and political significance in northern India. The connection to Kannauj suggests that the Rathores migrated westward into the Marwar region, carrying their heritage and establishing their dominance in the area.
• Colonel James Todd’s Genealogical Study: Colonel James Todd, a British historian and scholar of Rajasthan’s history, also described the Rathores as Suryavanshi based on the genealogical records he studied. His work often romanticized Rajasthan’s princely states, emphasizing the antiquity and nobility of its ruling dynasties, including the Rathores. Todd’s recognition of the Rathores as Suryavanshi further solidified their reputation as descendants of the solar dynasty, adding a layer of legitimacy to their rule in Marwar.
• Rashtrakutas Connection: Despite the differences in accounts, many scholars have identified the Rathores as having roots in the Rashtrakutas, an influential dynasty from Southern India known for their vast empire between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. The linkage to the Rashtrakutas suggests that the Rathores could have migrated northward, integrating with local rulers and eventually establishing their domain in the Marwar region.

RAO SIHA

Role and Lineage: Rao Siha is known as the Adhipurush (founding ancestor) of the Rathores of Rajasthan. He is believed to be a descendant of Gahadwal Jayachand of Kannauj, linking the Rathores to this significant royal lineage. Jayachand, a ruler from Kannauj, was known for his resistance against invasions during the 12th century, notably associated with the decline of the Gahadwal dynasty after the invasion of Muhammad Ghori.

Migration to Marwar: Rao Siha migrated from Kannauj to Marwar and played a crucial role in assisting the Paliwal Brahmins in the region. The Paliwal Brahmins were known for their prosperity and advanced agricultural practices in the desert region of Rajasthan.

Capital: He established Khed (in present-day Barmer district) as his capital. Khed was an early seat of power for the Rathores in the Marwar region before their subsequent expansion.

Cenotaph: Rao Siha’s cenotaph (memorial structure) is located in Bithu (Pali), which serves as a place of reverence and remembrance for the Rathore dynasty.

RAO DHUHAD

Religious Contribution: Rao Dhuhad is notable for bringing the idol of the clan goddess Naganechi Mata from Karnataka. He established a temple dedicated to Naganechi Mata in Nagana (present-day Barmer district). This act symbolized the preservation of spiritual and cultural traditions of the Rathores after their migration.

Family and Legacy: Lokadevata Pabuji, a revered folk deity in Rajasthan, is mentioned as the son of Dhandhal, the younger brother of Rao Dhuhad. Pabuji is celebrated in the folklore of Rajasthan as a protector of cattle and a warrior hero, with his stories sung in traditional Rajasthani ballads.

RAO MALLINATH

Capital: Rao Mallinath established Mewa Nagar (in present-day Barmer district) as his capital. This region became a focal point for the Rathores’ rule and cultural influence in Western Rajasthan.

Folk Deity: Mallinath Ji is revered as a folk deity in western Rajasthan, particularly in the Barmer region. His legacy has a strong cultural resonance, and he is worshipped for his virtues and contributions to the community.

Cultural Influence: The Barmer region is also known as Malani in honor of Rao Mallinath. The Gindoli songs sung during Gangaur, a popular festival in Rajasthan, reflect the rich oral traditions and cultural heritage associated with his name.

RAO CHUNDA (1394-1423 AD)

Marriage Alliance and Expansion: Rao Chunda strengthened the Rathore rule by marrying a Pratihara (Inda) princess. As part of the marriage alliance, Mandore was given as a dowry, making it the new capital of the Rathores. This strategic move helped consolidate their power in the region.

Architectural Contribution: Queen Chand Kanwar, Rao Chunda’s wife, built Chand Bawdi in Jodhpur, a stepwell that reflects the architectural and cultural richness of the time.

Demise: Rao Chunda met a tragic end in 1423 A.D. when he was deceitfully killed by the Bhatis of Pugal (in Bikaner), a neighboring clan.

Succession Conflict: Rao Chunda had named his younger son, Kanha, as his heir, which led to a succession dispute. His elder son, Ranmal, went to Mewar, where he formed an alliance by marrying his sister Hansa Bai to Rana Lakha of Mewar. With the support of Mewar’s army, Ranmal eventually became the ruler of Marwar.

RAO JODHA (1438-1489 AD)

Background: Rao Jodha was the son of Ranmal. After Ranmal’s assassination in Chittor, Rao Jodha faced challenges consolidating his position. He initially took refuge in the forests and gradually rebuilt his strength.

Consolidation of Power: In 1453 A.D., he successfully reclaimed Mandore through the Treaty of Anwal-Bawal, re-establishing Rathore control over the region.

Founding of Jodhpur: Rao Jodha is best known for founding the city of Jodhpur in 1459 A.D. He laid the foundation of the Mehrangarh Fort on the Chidiyan Tunk hill, a significant landmark that symbolizes the strength of the Rathore dynasty. The foundation stone of the fort was laid by Karani Mata, the religious sister of his father Ranmal, indicating the intertwining of religious blessings with royal endeavors.

Temple Construction: In 1460 A.D., he built the Chamunda Mata temple within the Mehrangarh Fort, further reinforcing the cultural and spiritual significance of the site.

Military Achievements: Rao Jodha’s reign included successful military campaigns, such as his victory over Sultan Bahlol Lodi’s forces from Delhi, showcasing his military acumen and strategic leadership.

Historical Recognition: Dr. Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, a renowned historian, has referred to Rao Jodha as the first majestic ruler of Jodhpur, highlighting his pivotal role in the region’s history.

Architectural Contribution: His queen, Jasmade, contributed to the city by constructing the Ranisar pond in Jodhpur, which provided a vital water source to the city.

Foundation of Bikaner: Rao Jodha’s son, Rao Bika, founded the city of Bikaner, expanding the influence of the Rathore dynasty further into the region and establishing a new center of power in Rajasthan.

RAO MALDEV (1531-1562 AD)

Rao Maldev was born on 5 December 1511. His mother, Padma Kumari, was the daughter of Jagmal Deora of Sirohi, a region known for its strategic location in Rajasthan. His noble lineage connected him with both the Rathore dynasty and the rulers of Sirohi.

Historians such as Pandit Vishwashar Nath Reu, Dr. Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, and Gopinath Sharma state that Rao Maldev ascended to the throne of Marwar after the death of his father, Rao Ganga, under controversial circumstances, with some suggesting that Maldev had a role in his father’s demise. His rule marked the beginning of an era of expansion and consolidation for the Rathore dynasty.

Coronation and Initial Territory

At the time of his coronation, only two parganas (administrative units)—Jodhpur and Sojat—were under his control. The coronation took place in Sojat, where he was formally crowned. Despite these modest beginnings, Rao Maldev adopted an imperialist policy and embarked on a campaign to expand his dominion significantly.

Expansion through Conquests:

Over time, Rao Maldev extended his kingdom to 58 parganas, engaging in 52 wars throughout his reign. His military campaigns reflect his strategic acumen and determination to expand the boundaries of Marwar. Some of his notable conquests include:

• 1533 A.D.: Defeated the Bhati rulers of Jaisalmer and acquired Phalodi, enhancing his control over strategic territories in the desert.

• 1535 A.D.: Conquered Nagaur after defeating Daulat Khan, a significant gain as Nagaur was a key center of trade and power.

• 1536 A.D.: Captured Bilara by defeating the Sirvi, further consolidating his hold over Rajasthan.

• 1538 A.D.: Defeated Dungar Singh and gained control over Sivana.

• 1539 A.D.: Overpowered Veer Sindhal to capture Bhadrajun and Raipur, expanding his influence over key areas.

• Defeated Sikandar Khan and captured Jalore, a region known for its fort, thus reinforcing his strategic defenses.

Early Achievements: Even before becoming the ruler, Rao Maldev had already proven his military prowess by winning the wars of Sojat and Sevaki during the reign of his father, Rao Ganga.

Battle of Paheba / Saheba (1541 AD)

• Conflict with Bikaner:
  • In 1541 A.D., Rao Maldev fought against Jaitasi, the ruler of Bikaner, in the Battle of Paheba (also known as Saheba).
  • Jaitasi was killed in the battle, leading to Maldev’s victory and his subsequent control over Bikaner. To consolidate his hold, Maldev appointed Kumpha as the governor of the newly acquired territory.
  • Following the defeat, Jaitasi’s son sought assistance from Kalyanmal and Sher Shah Suri, the then Sultan of Delhi, to reclaim Bikaner.
• Capture of Medta (1542 A.D.):
  • In 1542 A.D., Rao Maldev captured Medta, a strategically important region in Marwar. This conquest further expanded his territory and influence.
  • Veeramdev, the local ruler of Merta, fled to Sher Shah Suri for assistance, partly due to a dispute with Maldev over the Dariyajosh Elephant, a symbol of prestige and power.

Relationship with Humayun

During Rao Maldev’s reign, Humayun, the Mughal emperor, faced a significant setback after being defeated by Sher Shah Suri in the Battles of Chausa (1539) and Kannauj (1540), leading to his expulsion from the Mughal territories.

As Humayun moved through Rajasthan in search of support, he reached a place called Jogi Tirtha and sent three emissaries—Mir Samand, Raymal Soni, and Atka Khan—to seek Maldev’s assistance.

• Rao Maldev’s Response:
  • Rao Maldev initially promised to provide military support to Humayun and considered the prospect of an alliance. This included assistance in Bikaner, which was a crucial point of contention.
  • However, Humayun’s mistrust towards Maldev, fueled by the advice of Mulla Surkh, his library president, led him to abandon the idea of seeking refuge with Maldev. Instead, Humayun continued his journey towards Sindh (present-day Pakistan).
  • Humayun eventually found refuge with Veerasal Sodha, the ruler of Amarkot, where his son Akbar was later born.
• Potential for an Alliance:
  • Historians often speculate that if Rao Maldev and Humayun had demonstrated greater understanding and cooperation, they might have been able to forge an alliance against Sher Shah Suri. This alliance could have posed a significant challenge to the Afghan rule in India and potentially altered the course of Indian history.
  • The alliance between Mughals and Rajputs, which would later be solidified by Akbar, could have found its beginnings during this period, shaping a different political landscape for northern India.

Maldev and Sher Shah Suri Relations

• Battle of Giri Sumale / Battle of Jaitaran (1544 AD): The Battle of Giri Sumale or Jaitaran took place in 1544 A.D. between Rao Maldev of Marwar and Sher Shah Suri, the Afghan ruler who had recently established the Sur Empire in India.
  • The battle saw the following opposing forces:
    • Maldev versus Sher Shah Suri.
    • Kumpha, a loyal general of Maldev, against Kalyanmal of Bikaner.
    • Jaita, another key general, against Veeramdev of Merta (Nagaur).
  • Reasons for the Conflict:
    • Imperialist Ambitions: Both Maldev and Sher Shah Suri were driven by a desire to expand their territories, leading to inevitable conflict.
    • Strategic Threat: Maldev’s kingdom bordered the Delhi Sultanate, which Sher Shah Suri controlled. This proximity posed a threat to Sher Shah’s ambitions in the region.
    • Support to Humayun: Maldev had allowed the exiled Mughal emperor Humayun to pass safely through his kingdom and had even offered help. This angered Sher Shah Suri, who sought to punish Maldev for aiding his adversary.
    • Internal Dispute: Sher Shah Suri exploited the internal divisions within the Rathore clan, as he gained the support of Kalyanmal of Bikaner and Veeramdev of Merta, who had disputes with Maldev.
• The Battle’s Outcome:
  • Sher Shah Suri’s strategic cunning led to Maldev’s withdrawal back to Jodhpur before the actual confrontation took place. However, Jaita and Kumpha, two of Maldev’s loyal generals, engaged Sher Shah’s forces.
  • Despite their bravery, Sher Shah Suri emerged victorious with the support of Jalal Khan Jalwani. Sher Shah is known to have remarked after the battle, “I would have lost the kingdom of Hindustan only for a handful of millet,” reflecting his respect for the courage of the Rathore warriors despite their smaller numbers.
  • Sher Shah’s forces consisted of about 80,000 soldiers, while Jaita and Kumpha had only 12,000 soldiers, making the battle heavily lopsided.
• Aftermath:
  • Rao Maldev retreated to Sivana, a fortified region in Barmer. Sivana was known as a place of refuge for the Rathores of Marwar.
  • Sher Shah Suri briefly took control of Jodhpur and appointed Khawas Khan as its administrator. However, after a few months, Maldev regained control over Jodhpur, restoring his authority.
  • Historians often regard Maldev’s diplomatic mistakes as a turning point in this conflict. If he had not allowed Kalyanmal and Veeramdev to align with Sher Shah Suri, he might have maintained a stronger coalition of the Rathores and potentially won the Battle of Giri Sumale.

Maldev-Mewar Relations

• Alliance with Rana Sanga: Before becoming the ruler, Rao Maldev, as the crown prince of Marwar, supported Rana Sanga of Mewar during the Battle of Khanwa against Babur. This alliance was part of a broader Rajput effort to resist the Mughal expansion in India.
• Support to Vikramaditya: In 1533 A.D., Rao Maldev provided military assistance to Vikramaditya, the ruler of Mewar, in his conflict against Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, a significant regional power.
• Support to Uday Singh: Rao Maldev also helped Uday Singh, the future ruler of Mewar, in his struggle against Banveer, a usurper. However, later disputes with Uday Singh led to Maldev supporting Haji Khan Pathan of Ajmer against Uday Singh during the Battle of Harmada. This complex relationship reflects the shifting alliances among the Rajput rulers of Rajasthan during that period.

Uma De 

Marriage to Uma De: Uma De was the daughter of King Lunkaran Bhati of Jaisalmer. Despite being a queen of Rao Maldev, she became estranged due to her discontent with a maid named Bharmali. This earned her the title of “Ruthie Rani” (the angry queen). Uma De spent some time at the Taragarh Fort in Ajmer before eventually moving to Kelwa in Rajsamand, distancing herself from the political affairs of Marwar.

Maldev’s Court Scholars

1. Ashanand: He composed works such as “Umade Bhatiyani Ra Kavit”, “Bagha Bharamali Ki Dush”, and “Gogaji Ri Pedi”. Ashanand actively participated in the Battle of Paheba.
2. Isardasji: Authored “Hala Jhala Ri Kundaliya” (Sur Satsai), “Deviyan”, and “Hariras”. Isardasji is venerated as a folk god in western Rajasthan, reflecting his cultural and spiritual impact on the region.

Architectural Contributions of Rao Maldev

• Fortresses and Constructions: Rao Maldev was a prolific builder and is credited with constructing several important forts, including:
  • Merta (Nagaur).
  • Ria (Nagaur).
  • Sojat (Pali).
  • Pokaran (Jaisalmer).
• • He also commissioned a park in Jodhpur, which contributed to the city’s development.
• Swarupa Sagar Talab: His queen, Swaroopde, constructed the Swarupa Sagar Talab (also known as Bahuji Row Talab) at Mandore, further enriching the infrastructure and water management systems in Marwar.

Titles and Recognition

• Titles: Rao Maldev earned titles such as “Hindu Badshah” (King of the Hindus) and “Hasmat Wala Raja” (the formidable king), reflecting his power and influence during his reign.
• Historical Recognition: Persian historians like Nizamuddin in Tabakat-i-Akbari and Farista in Tareek-i-Farista mentioned Maldev as one of the strongest kings of Hindustan, highlighting his significant role in the politics of northern India during the 16th century.

Death and Succession

• Death: Rao Maldev died on 7 November 1562. His later years were marked by disputes with his sons over succession.
• Succession Dispute:
  • Maldev was displeased with his eldest son, Ram Singh, and exiled him from the kingdom. He also did not appoint Uday Singh as his successor.
  • Instead, he declared his third son, Chandrasen, as the successor of Marwar, leading to resentment from Ram Singh and Uday Singh, who then sought support from the Mughal emperor Akbar.

RAO CHANDRASEN (1562-1581 AD)

Background and Struggle for Power

• Rao Chandrasen ascended to the throne of Marwar in 1562 A.D. following the death of his father, Rao Maldev. However, his rule was immediately challenged by his elder brother, Ram Singh, who sought support from the Mughal Emperor Akbar to claim the throne of Jodhpur.
• Akbar’s Invasion of Jodhpur: In response to Ram Singh’s request, Akbar sent his commander Hussain Quli Beg to invade Jodhpur. Rao Chandrasen, facing overwhelming Mughal forces, retreated to Bhadrajun (in Jalore), seeking refuge. According to historian Vishveshwarnath Reu, the main reason behind Akbar’s aggressive stance toward Jodhpur was the non-cooperation of Rao Maldev with Humayun during his exile years, a point that Akbar did not forget.

Chandrasen’s Defiance Against Akbar

• Nagaur Court Incident (1570 A.D.): In 1570 A.D., Rao Chandrasen attended Akbar’s court in Nagaur with hopes of securing a favorable relationship with the Mughal Empire. However, upon observing Akbar’s inclination towards Uday Singh, Chandrasen left the court without formally meeting the emperor. This act signaled his refusal to compromise on his autonomy.
• Akbar’s Attack on Bhadrajun: Following the incident, Akbar directed his forces to attack Bhadrajun. Rao Chandrasen, resilient as ever, retreated to Sivana in Barmer, a known refuge for the Rathores, and later continued to resist the Mughals from the hills of Kanuja and Peepalund. Despite losing much of his territory, he maintained his struggle against the Mughals, refusing to submit.

Continuous Resistance

• Throughout his reign, Rao Chandrasen engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Mughal forces, leveraging the rugged terrain of Sivana and surrounding areas to launch surprise attacks. Although he lacked the mountainous terrain advantage of Mewar, he used the desert landscape to his benefit as much as possible.
• Chandrasen’s opposition to the Mughals made him a symbol of Rajput resistance, much like Maharana Pratap of Mewar. Unlike many other Rajput rulers who eventually entered into alliances with the Mughals, Chandrasen never accepted Akbar’s suzerainty.

Death: Rao Chandrasen died in 1581 A.D. under tragic circumstances, having been poisoned by a feudal named Barisal at a place called Sinchaiyai (in Pali), while taking refuge in the hills of Saran. His death marked the end of his resistance against the Mughal Empire, as no successor continued his struggle.

Titles and Legacy

• “Pratap of Marwar”: Historian Vishveshwarnath Reu referred to Rao Chandrasen as the “Pratap of Marwar,” drawing a parallel between Chandrasen’s unyielding resistance against Akbar and Maharana Pratap’s similar stance in Mewar.
• “Guide of Pratap”: He is often seen as a precursor to Maharana Pratap’s struggle, setting an example of Rajput valor and defiance.
• “The Forgotten King of Marwar”: Despite his contributions, Chandrasen’s story is less celebrated than that of Maharana Pratap, leading some historians to describe him as the “forgotten king” of Marwar.

Perspectives on Chandrasen’s Relations with Akbar

• Invitation to Chandrasen: According to Ramkaran Asopa, Akbar had invited Rao Chandrasen for a formal meeting. Vishveshwarnath Reu suggested that Akbar was willing to restore Jodhpur to Chandrasen if he accepted Mughal suzerainty under nominal terms.
• Disputed Accounts: Although Abul Fazl and Badauni, prominent Mughal chroniclers, claimed that Chandrasen accepted Akbar’s subjugation, this version is disputed. If he had truly accepted Akbar’s authority, he would not have fled from the Nagaur court, nor would Akbar have launched attacks on Bhadrajun.

Similarities Between Chandrasen and Maharana Pratap

• Unyielding Resistance: Both Chandrasen and Maharana Pratap are renowned for their refusal to accept Akbar’s rule. They stood firm in their commitment to preserve their kingdoms’ autonomy.
• Guerrilla Warfare: Both leaders employed guerrilla tactics to fight the Mughal forces, utilizing their knowledge of the terrain for strategic advantage.
• Internal Opposition: Both faced opposition from within their families. Pratap contended with the challenges posed by Jagmal and Sagar, while Chandrasen faced his brothers Ram and Uday Singh.
• Struggle for Small Territories: Despite the loss of large parts of their kingdoms, both leaders continued their fight from smaller regions—Pratap from Chappan (Banswada) and Chandrasen from Sivana and Sinchaiyai.
• Seeking Refuge: Like Pratap, who took refuge outside his main territory, Chandrasen also sought shelter in places like Asaran, under the King of Dungarpur.

Dissimilarities Between Chandrasen and Maharana Pratap

• Timing of Mughal Opposition: The Mughals opposed Pratap from the beginning of his reign, whereas Chandrasen’s significant Mughal opposition began after the Nagaur court incident in 1570.
• Succession of Struggle: Pratap’s fight against the Mughals was continued by his son, Amar Singh, after his death. In contrast, Chandrasen’s resistance ended with his own demise in 1581 A.D.
• Direct Battles with Mughals: Pratap engaged in notable direct confrontations with the Mughals, such as the Battle of Haldighati and Battle of Dewar. Chandrasen, however, fought through guerrilla tactics without engaging in large-scale direct battles.
• Establishment of a Center: Pratap managed to establish Chawand as a stable center of his resistance, whereas Chandrasen was unable to create a permanent base due to the geographical constraints and continuous pressure from Mughal forces.
• Popular Support and Nationalism: Pratap succeeded in inspiring a sense of nationalism among the people of Mewar, rallying support from various Rajput clans. Chandrasen, due to limited resources and support, was unable to generate a similar widespread movement in Marwar.

Challenges Faced by Chandrasen

• Geographical Disadvantages: Unlike Mewar, which had mountainous terrain that was ideal for guerrilla warfare, Marwar‘s landscape was primarily flat desert land, which made it difficult for Chandrasen to maintain his guerrilla resistance over an extended period.
• Lack of Patrons: Maharana Pratap received substantial financial support from patrons like Bhamashah and Tarachand, which helped sustain his resistance. Chandrasen, in contrast, lacked such backing, making it harder for him to sustain a prolonged campaign against the Mughals.

Legacy of Rao Chandrasen

Despite being overshadowed by the more celebrated Maharana Pratap, Rao Chandrasen is remembered as a symbol of Rajput defiance. His refusal to submit to Akbar and his relentless efforts to maintain the independence of Marwar make him a significant, though often overlooked, figure in Rajasthan’s history. His resilience, even in the face of overwhelming odds, has earned him the title of the “Pratap of Marwar,” embodying the spirit of valor and sacrifice.

Nagaur Darbar (1570 AD)

• Akbar’s Strategy: Akbar organized the Nagaur Darbar in 1570 A.D. with the stated objective of addressing famine relief work in the region. However, the real purpose of this assembly was to bring the Rajput rulers of Rajasthan under Mughal subjugation through diplomatic means rather than through direct conflict.
• Subjugation of Rajput Rulers: During this assembly, several important Rajput rulers submitted to Akbar’s suzerainty, including:
  • Kalyanmal of Bikaner.
  • Rawal Harraj of Jaisalmer.
  • Uday Singh, the brother of Chandrasen of Marwar.
• • This submission marked a significant shift in the balance of power in Rajasthan, as these rulers accepted Mughal authority, thereby consolidating Akbar’s control over the region.
• Construction of Sukkra Pond: Alongside the Nagaur Darbar, Akbar initiated the construction of the Sukkra Pond in Nagaur, reflecting his efforts to present himself as a benevolent ruler concerned with the welfare of his subjects.

Importance of the Nagaur Darbar

• Diplomatic Success: The Nagaur Darbar was a major diplomatic achievement for Akbar, as he managed to bring a significant number of Rajasthani kings under his control without direct military conflict.
• Division Among Rajputs: The Rajput rulers became divided into two factions:
  • Mughal Allies: Rulers like Mansingh of Amber and Raisingh of Bikaner became close allies of the Mughals.
  • Anti-Mughal: Rulers like Chandrasen of Marwar continued to resist Mughal dominance.
• Start of Mughal Hegemony: The Nagaur Darbar marked the beginning of a series of Mughal-dependent states in Rajasthan, laying the groundwork for Mughal influence over Rajputana.
• Cultural Impact: The end of large-scale battles in the region brought about a period of relative peace, which fostered the development of art and culture. This era saw the rise of Rajput-Mughal architecture and courtly traditions.
• Akbar’s Administration of Jodhpur:
  • In 1572-1574 A.D., Akbar appointed Raisingh of Bikaner as the administrator of Jodhpur, further asserting his influence over Marwar.
  • Later, Akbar declared Jodhpur as “Khalsa”, meaning it became land under direct Mughal control. This act symbolized the loss of autonomy for the Rathores in their traditional stronghold.

Chandrasen’s Later Years

• Chandrasen’s Resistance:
  • Despite the Mughal pressure, Chandrasen continued to resist Akbar’s forces and maintained his guerilla warfare tactics.
  • He appointed Patta Rathore to defend Sivana Fort in Barmer, but the fort eventually fell to Mughal commander Shahbaz Khan.
  • In one of his daring acts, Chandrasen killed the Mughal commander Jalal Khan in the Rampura region.

• Conflict with Jaisalmer:
  • In October 1576 A.D., Rawal Hararai of Jaisalmer attacked Pokaran. Chandrasen, needing funds for his resistance against the Mughals, handed over Pokaran Fort to Jaisalmer in exchange for one lakh ‘Fadiyyas’ (coins).
• Refuge and Alliances:
  • Chandrasen sought refuge in various places during the Mughal attacks, including Mewar, Sirohi, Dungarpur, Banswara, and Ajmer. His allies included Rao Sukhraj, Suja, and Devidas, who supported him in his struggle.
• Internal Conflicts:
  • Chandrasen also had to deal with conflicts within his own family. He defeated his brother Uday Singh in the Battle of Lohawat and Ram Singh in the Battle of Nadole, reflecting the internal divisions among the Rathore dynasty.

MOTA RAJA UDAY SINGH (1583-1595 AD)

Alliance with Akbar

Mota Raja Uday Singh was the first king of Marwar to accept Akbar’s suzerainty, having submitted to the Mughal emperor during the Nagaur Darbar in 1570 A.D.. His alliance marked a shift in Marwar’s stance towards the Mughals.

Marital Alliance

• He strengthened the relationship with the Mughals by marrying his daughter, Manibai (Jodha Bai), to Jahangir, Akbar’s son. This marriage cemented the bond between the Rathores and the Mughal court.
• Manibai was given the title of Jagat Gosai (Owner of the World) in the Mughal court, reflecting her high status.
• Son of Manibai: Khurram, later known as Shah Jahan, the future Mughal emperor, was born from this alliance, further intertwining the fate of Marwar with the Mughal Empire.

KALLA RAYAMALOT

Role in the Saka of Siwana:

• Kalla Rayamalot was the son of Raymal, the brother of Uday Singh, and served as the feudal lord of Siwana.
• In 1589 A.D., Akbar attacked Siwana, leading to the second Saka (sacrificial battle) of the fort. Kalla Rayamalot led the Kesariya (sacrificial) fight against the Mughals, demonstrating his valor.
• Bhan Kanwar, the daughter of Rao Surjan of Bundi, performed Jauhar (self-immolation) during this siege, highlighting the tragic heroism associated with the Rajput resistance.

Cultural Legacy: Prithviraj Rathore of Bikaner commemorated Kalla Rayamalot’s bravery by composing Marseya (couplets written on valor after death), preserving his memory in Rajasthani literature.

GAJ SINGH (1615-1638 AD)

Gaj Singh, the ruler of Marwar during the early 17th century, received the title of ‘Dalthambhan’ from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The title means ‘detainer of armies’, signifying his role as a strong military leader and his importance within the Mughal Empire. This recognition highlighted the strategic relationship between the Rathores of Marwar and the Mughal Empire during Jahangir’s reign.

Succession Decisions

Upon the advice of Anara Begum, a close confidante, Gaj Singh made significant decisions regarding the succession of his territories:

• He appointed his younger son, Jaswant Singh, as the king of Jodhpur, entrusting him with the primary seat of the Rathore dynasty.
• Amar Singh, his elder son, was given control over Nagaur, a strategic city that played an important role in the region’s trade and politics. This decision to divide the territories between his sons was aimed at maintaining peace and stability within the kingdom.

Court Scholars

• Keshav Das Gadan: He was a renowned scholar in Gaj Singh’s court and made notable contributions to the literary and philosophical heritage of the region. His works include:
  • “Amarsinhji Ra Duha”: A collection of couplets dedicated to Amar Singh, reflecting on themes of valor and wisdom.
  • “Vivek Vartha”: This work serves as a commentary on the Upanishads, demonstrating his deep understanding of Vedantic philosophy and his efforts to interpret and explain the spiritual teachings of the Upanishads.
  • “Gajgunrupak”: A work that highlights the qualities and virtues of Gaj Singh, offering insights into his leadership and character as a ruler of Marwar.
• Hem Kavi: He was another distinguished scholar in Gaj Singh’s court, known for his literary work titled “Gunbhasha Charitra”. This text reflects Marwari culture, language, and literary traditions, contributing to the preservation of regional heritage during Gaj Singh’s reign.

AMAR SINGH RATHORE

King of Nagaur: Amar Singh Rathore, a prominent figure in Rajasthan’s folklore, ruled Nagaur and became renowned for his fierce independence.

Conflict with Bikaner (1644 AD): The Matire Ri Rad (dispute over a watermelon) occurred in 1644 AD between Amar Singh of Nagaur and Karna Singh of Bikaner. The dispute was over the border of the Jakhani village (Nagaur) and Silva village (Bikaner). The Chhatrapati Raso, written by Kashi Chagani, provides details about this conflict.

Confrontation with Shah Jahan: Amar Singh gained legendary status after he killed Salawat Khan, the Mir Bakshi (defense minister) of the Mughal court, in Shah Jahan’s court. This act of defiance was unprecedented and made him a symbol of Rajput bravery.

Death: Amar Singh was betrayed and murdered by his brother-in-law Arjun Singh Gaud. His death is marked as a moment of loss for the Rajputs.

Legacy and Folklore

• Amar Singh’s cenotaph (umbrella) with 16 pillars is located in Nagaur, serving as a memorial to his legacy.
• The Bukhara Darwaza of the Agra Fort, where Shah Jahan ordered the door to be sealed after Amar Singh’s death, later became known as the Amar Singh Darwaza. It was reopened in 1809 by George Steel.
• Amar Singh Rathore became a hero of Rajasthani folklore, with his story celebrated in folk songs and tales, depicting him as a fearless warrior who stood up to the Mughals.

JASWANT SINGH (1638-1678 AD)

Jaswant Singh was crowned the ruler of Marwar in 1638 A.D. at the age of 11. Due to his young age, Raj Singh Kumpawat of Asoop was appointed as his guardian to assist in governance and to guide the young king.

His early rule coincided with a period of political turbulence in the Mughal Empire, including the succession struggles among the sons of Shah Jahan.

Involvement in Mughal Succession Struggle

• Battle of Dharmat (Dancha) – 1658 AD:
  • The Battle of Dharmat took place between Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb as part of the succession struggle within the Mughal Empire.
  • Jaswant Singh and Kasim Khan served as commanders in Dara Shikoh’s army. However, Kasim Khan betrayed Dara during the battle, leading to Aurangzeb’s victory over Dara Shikoh.
  • Upon returning to Jodhpur after the defeat, Jaswant Singh faced an unwelcoming reception from Hadi Rani Jaswant De, who had closed the fort’s gates against him, reflecting the internal disappointment with the outcome. Kaviraja Shyamal Das acknowledges this story in his accounts.
• Battle of Khajua (1659 A.D.):
  • The Battle of Khajua was fought between Aurangzeb and Shuja, another contender for the Mughal throne. Jaswant Singh initially fought on behalf of Aurangzeb, but due to a lack of mutual trust, he ended up looting Aurangzeb’s tent and returning to Jodhpur, indirectly aiding Shuja.
  • Later, through the mediation of Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amer, the differences between Jaswant Singh and Aurangzeb were resolved, and Jaswant Singh was appointed as the Subedar of Gujarat.

Later Campaigns and Administration

• Campaigns in the Deccan:
  • In 1662 A.D., Jaswant Singh was dispatched to the Deccan to assist Shaista Khan, a Mughal general, against the Marathas. This campaign was part of Aurangzeb’s efforts to consolidate Mughal power in southern India.
• Governorship of Kabul:
  • In 1673 A.D., Aurangzeb appointed Jaswant Singh as the Governor of Kabul, a strategic position that underscored the trust and responsibility placed upon him by the Mughal administration.
  • He died on 28 November 1678 at Jamrud Ka Thana, near Khyber Pass in Afghanistan. Upon his death, Aurangzeb remarked, “Today the door of Kufr (infidelity) is broken,” which highlighted the perceived ideological differences between the orthodox Mughal emperor and the Rajput ruler.

Literary Contributions

• Books Authored by Jaswant Singh:
  1. Anand Vilas.
  2. Bhasha Bhushan.
  3. Prabodh Chandrodaya.
  4. Aproksh Siddhanthsar.

These works reflect his scholarly interests and contributions to the cultural and literary heritage of Marwar.

Construction and Development Works

His urban and rural development work were: 

• Jaswantpura: He founded the city of Jaswantpura in Maharashtra, showcasing his influence beyond Rajasthan.
• Kaga Garden: He established Kaga Garden in Jodhpur, where pomegranate seeds brought from Kabul were planted, introducing new agricultural practices to the region.
• Janasagar Lake: Rani Atirangde built the Janasagar Lake in Jodhpur, also known as Shekhawat’s Pond, contributing to the region’s water management.
• Raika Bagh Palace: Queen Jaswantde constructed a palace in Raika Bagh, alongside Kalyan Sagar Talab in Ratanada, further enriching the infrastructure of Jodhpur.

Court Scholars and Cultural Contributions

• Muhanaut Nainasi:
  • Muhanaut Nainasi served as the Diwan (chief minister) and a prominent writer during Jaswant Singh’s reign. His father was Jaimal, and his mother was Swaroop Devi.
  • He wrote “Muhanaut Bainsi Ri Khyat”, which is recognized as the first Khyat (chronicle) of Rajasthan, offering a detailed account of Marwar and other princely states in the region.
  • His “Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vighat” provides census data and is considered the administrative gazette of Marwar, offering insights into the tax system of the time.
  • Nainasi’s Downfall: Due to debt, Nainasi was imprisoned by Jaswant Singh, and he ultimately committed suicide alongside his brother Sundardas. Despite his tragic end, Munshi Deviprasad praised him as the “Abul Fazl of Rajputana” for his detailed writings.
• Other Court Scholars:
  • Pandit Narharidas: Known for “Avatar Charitra”.
  • Naveen Kavi: Wrote “Neh Nidhan”.
  • Surat Mishra and Banarasi Das were also prominent scholars in his court.

Reasons for Jodhpur Being Declared Khalsa

• Jodhpur as Khalsa: After Jaswant Singh’s death, Aurangzeb declared Jodhpur as Khalsa, meaning the territory was placed under direct Mughal control. The reasons behind this action included:
  • Strategic Control: Controlling Marwar was essential for securing the trade routes between Delhi, Agra, and the commercial centers of Gujarat.
  • Anti-Hindu Policies: Aurangzeb sought to replace the Rajput rulers with his supporters to align with his anti-Hindu policies.

Personal Vendetta: Aurangzeb harbored animosity towards Jaswant Singh due to their previous conflicts and intended to avenge these by subduing Jodhpur.

AJIT SINGH (1679-1724 AD)

Ajit Singh was the posthumous son of Rao Jaswant Singh of Marwar. After the death of Jaswant Singh in 1678 A.D., Aurangzeb attempted to assert direct control over Marwar by declaring Jodhpur as Khalsa (land under direct Mughal rule). However, loyal Rajputs, led by Durgadas Rathore, sought to protect the infant Ajit Singh from Mughal control.

With the help of Mukundadas Khichi and Gaura, Durgadas Rathore brought Ajit Singh safely back to Marwar. Gaura is often referred to as the “Pannadhay of Marwar”, drawing a parallel to Panna Dhai of Mewar, known for her sacrifice and loyalty. Gaura’s cenotaph is situated in Jodhpur, commemorating his dedication to the Rathore cause.

Ajit Singh was initially kept hidden in the village of Kalindri (Sirohi) under the supervision of Mukundas Dhani and Jayadev Purohit, ensuring his safety from Aurangzeb’s efforts to suppress the Rathore lineage.

Struggle for Marwar’s Independence

• Aurangzeb’s Deception and Fake Ajit Singh: In his attempt to weaken the Rajput resistance, Aurangzeb named a fake Ajit Singh as Mohammadiraj and handed him over to his daughter, Jebunnisa, to deceive the Rajput supporters of Ajit Singh. This was a strategy to confuse and disrupt the resistance efforts led by Durgadas Rathore.
• Support from Mewar: Raj Singh of Mewar provided crucial support to Ajit Singh, symbolizing a Rajput alliance against the Mughals. This alliance was pivotal in the ongoing resistance against Aurangzeb’s efforts to subdue the Rajputs.
• Battle of Debari (1680 A.D.): In 1680 A.D., the Mughal army defeated the combined forces of Mewar and Marwar in the Battle of Debari near Udaipur. Despite the loss, the battle marked a significant chapter in the Rajput struggle for autonomy and their resistance against Mughal imperialism.
• Rebellion of Akbar (1681 A.D.): Durgadas Rathore played a crucial role in provoking Aurangzeb’s son, Akbar, to rebel against his father. On 1 January 1681 A.D., Akbar was declared the Mughal Emperor in Nadole (in present-day Pali district). However, due to Aurangzeb’s cunning, Akbar’s rebellion was suppressed, and he had to seek refuge with Shivaji’s son, Sambhaji, in the Deccan.
• Protection of Akbar’s Children:
  • Durgadas Rathore sheltered Akbar’s son Buland Akhtar and daughter Safiyatunisa, protecting them in Juna Badmer at the home of Jagannath Ramchandoth. He ensured their religious education and safety during their time in exile.
  • In 1695-96 A.D., following the advice of Ishvara Das Nagar, Durgadas Rathore handed Safiyatunisa back to Aurangzeb. Pleased with this gesture, Aurangzeb rewarded Durgadas with the pargana of Medata and one lakh rupees for travel expenses.
  • Durgadas later personally escorted Buland Akhtar to Aurangzeb in 1698 A.D.. In gratitude, Aurangzeb granted Durgadas a mansab (rank) of 3,000 Jat and 2,000 Sawar (cavalry), along with control over Jaitaran, Medta, and Sivana. He also granted Ajit Singh a mansab of 1,500 Jat and 500 Sawar, along with the parganas of Jalore and Sanchair.

Ajit Singh’s Reign as King of Marwar

• Becoming King: Ajit Singh became the king of Jodhpur in 1708 A.D. following the Debari Agreement, which marked the restoration of Marwar’s autonomy under Mughal suzerainty. His ascension symbolized the Rajput resurgence after years of struggle against the Mughal Empire.
• Relationship with Durgadas Rathore: Despite Durgadas Rathore’s pivotal role in securing Ajit Singh’s safety and throne, Ajit Singh eventually expelled Durgadas from Marwar. The reasons for this estrangement remain a subject of historical speculation, potentially involving political differences and personal ambitions.
• Marriage Alliance with the Mughals: Ajit Singh married his daughter, Indra Kanwar, to Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar. Indra Kanwar was the last Hindu princess to be married into the Mughal royal family, symbolizing a diplomatic alliance amidst the complex relationship between the Rajputs and the Mughal rulers.

Death and Aftermath

• Assassination: Ajit Singh was murdered by his own son, Bakht Singh, on 23 June 1724 A.D. The motivations behind this act remain debated, involving internal power struggles within the Rathore clan.
• Cremation: According to local accounts, during Ajit Singh’s cremation, the fire burned so intensely that many animals and birds in the vicinity perished, a detail often recounted in regional folklore to emphasize the grandeur and significance of the event.

Literary Contributions of Ajit Singh

Books Ajit Singh authored:

• Durgapaat Bhasha: A work reflecting Ajit Singh’s religious and cultural interests.
• Gunasagar: A treatise highlighting virtues and moral values.
• Nirvana Ra Duha: Verses centered around spiritual themes.
• Ajit Singh Ri Kavita: A collection of poems attributed to Ajit Singh, showcasing his literary talent.

DURGADAS RATHORE (1638-1718 AD)

Durgadas Rathore was born on August 13, 1638 A.D., in the village of Salwa in the Jodhpur region of Marwar. He was the son of Asakaran, a noble of the Rathore clan, and Naith Kanwar. His noble lineage and upbringing instilled in him a strong sense of loyalty to the Rathore dynasty.

Asakaran, Durgadas’s father, bestowed upon him the Luneva jagir (an estate), which provided him with resources and a position of influence within the Rathore clan.

The Struggle for Marwar’s Throne

• Durgadas Rathore is most renowned for his 30-year struggle (1678-1708 A.D.) to secure the throne of Marwar for Ajit Singh, the rightful heir of Rao Jaswant Singh. This period is often referred to as the “Struggle of 30 Years of the Rathores of Marwar”.
• After the death of Rao Jaswant Singh in 1678, Aurangzeb attempted to take control of Jodhpur and place Marwar directly under Mughal rule. Durgadas played a key role in resisting this imposition, protecting the young Ajit Singh from Mughal capture, and leading the resistance against Aurangzeb’s forces.

Support from Mewar

• Amarsingh II of Mewar recognized the efforts of Durgadas Rathore and granted him the jagirs of Rampura and Vijaypur as a reward for his loyalty and dedication to the Rajput cause.

Later Life and Death

• Durgadas Rathore passed away on 22 November 1718 in Ujjain, a city with historical significance in Madhya Pradesh.
• His cenotaph (memorial structure) is situated on the banks of the Shipra River in Ujjain, where he is honored for his unwavering loyalty and commitment to the Rathore dynasty.

Legacy of Durgadas Rathore

• Symbol of Loyalty and Bravery: Durgadas Rathore is celebrated in Rajasthani folklore as a symbol of loyalty, valor, and dedication. His efforts to secure Ajit Singh’s throne and his long resistance against the Mughal Empire have cemented his place as a hero in the annals of Marwar’s history.
• Guardian of Marwar’s Independence: His actions ensured that Marwar retained its autonomy during a time when many Rajput states came under Mughal suzerainty. His legacy is one of steadfast dedication to preserving the Rathore legacy and resisting external domination.
• Impact on Rajput-Mughal Relations: Durgadas’s strategic acumen and political maneuvering were crucial in shaping the Rajput-Mughal dynamics during a period of turbulence, highlighting the importance of regional loyalty and the efforts to maintain regional independence against imperial ambitions.

Titles of Durgadas Rathore

1. Ulysses of Rathore: This title was given by James Todd, a British historian known for his works on the history and culture of Rajasthan. The title likens Durgadas Rathore to Ulysses, the legendary Greek hero known for his wisdom, strategy, and enduring strength. Just as Ulysses was a symbol of perseverance and cunning, Durgadas embodied these qualities in his struggle to restore Ajit Singh to the throne and defend Marwar’s independence against the Mughal Empire.
2. Garibaldi of Rajputana: Durgadas Rathore is often compared to Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian national hero known for his role in the unification of Italy. This title recognizes Durgadas as a unifying force within the Rajput community, bringing together the Rathore Rajputs to resist Mughal domination. His efforts in rallying the Rajput clans reflect a deep commitment to freedom and unity, much like Garibaldi’s efforts for Italian unification.
3. Brindling Pearl of Marwar: This poetic title reflects Durgadas’s status as a precious and enduring symbol of Marwar’s pride and heroism. It emphasizes his value to Marwar’s history, much like a pearl that shines with unmatched brilliance. Durgadas’s dedication, bravery, and strategic acumen made him a jewel in the history of the Rathore dynasty.

Dedication by Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha:

Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, a prominent historian of Rajasthan, dedicated the second edition of his book “History of Jodhpur State” to Durgadas Rathore. This dedication reflects Ojha’s deep admiration for Durgadas’s contributions and recognizes his pivotal role in shaping the history of Marwar.

Evaluation of Durgadas Rathore

• Role in the Struggle for Marwar:
  • Veer Durgadas Rathore (Brave Durgadas), a devoted son of Marwar, dedicated his life to fighting the Mughal Empire in defense of his motherland and the interests of his master, Ajit Singh. His unwavering commitment was instrumental in regaining Marwar’s autonomy after the death of Rao Jaswant Singh.
  • Without Durgadas’s relentless efforts, Ajit Singh would likely not have been able to reclaim his ancestral throne. Durgadas united the Rathore Rajputs, achieving a unity that even Rao Maldev, one of Marwar’s greatest rulers, struggled to maintain during his time.
• Diplomatic and Strategic Skills:
  • Durgadas Rathore was not only a brave warrior but also a skilled diplomat. He not only saved the life of the young Ajit Singh but also ensured his eventual ascension to the throne of Marwar. To achieve this, Durgadas secured the support of Mewar and orchestrated a rebellion involving Aurangzeb’s son, Akbar II, against the Mughal emperor.
  • Even after the failure of Akbar’s rebellion, Durgadas safely escorted Akbar II to the Deccan and provided shelter to his sons and daughters, including Buland Akhtar and Safiyatunisa. He arranged for their Islamic education and safeguarded their well-being, demonstrating his humanity and diplomatic acumen.
• Winning Respect from Allies and Enemies:
  • Durgadas’s actions, particularly his loyalty and integrity, earned him respect even from his enemies. Aurangzeb, known for his sternness and orthodoxy, was reportedly impressed by Durgadas’s noble qualities and granted him territories like Medata and Jaitaran as a mark of respect.
  • Durgadas Rathore was also highly regarded in the courts of Mewar and by Shambhaji, the Maratha king and son of Shivaji. His ability to gain respect from Mughal, Rajput, and Maratha leaders alike is a testament to his diplomacy, valor, and character.
• Legacy in Rajputana History:
  • Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, a respected historian, aptly remarked that “Durgadas’s name will remain immortal in the history of the Rathores.” This statement captures the lasting impact of Durgadas’s life and actions. His dedication to Marwar, his role in securing Ajit Singh’s reign, and his efforts to maintain Rajput pride against Mughal aggression ensured that he would be remembered as a legendary figure in Rajasthani history.

ABHAY SINGH (1724-1749 AD)

Khejadli Incident (1730 AD)

• One of the most notable events during Abhay Singh’s reign was the Khejadli incident, which occurred in 1730 A.D. (Bhadrapad Shukla Dasami, Vikram Samvat 1787). This event became a landmark in the history of environmental conservation.
• Under the leadership of Amrita Devi Bishnoi, 363 Bishnoi men and women sacrificed their lives to protect the Khejri trees (Prosopis cineraria) from being cut down by the king’s men. The Bishnois, followers of a religion that emphasizes harmony with nature, stood in front of the axes to save their sacred trees.
• This incident is commemorated annually with the ‘Tree Fair’ held in Khejadli village, and the Amrita Devi Bishnoi Award is given in recognition of efforts in the field of environmental protection. The story of the Bishnois’ sacrifice has become a symbol of environmental awareness and devotion to nature in India.

Court Scholars and Literary Contributions

• Karanidan authored Suraj Prakas (Bidad Singar), while Veerabhan wrote Raj Rupak. These works offer valuable insights into the political and cultural context of Marwar during Abhay Singh’s reign.
• Both books also provide detailed accounts of the Ahmedabad war, a significant military campaign where Abhay Singh defeated the Governor of Gujarat, Sir Buland Khan. This victory enhanced Marwar’s influence and demonstrated Abhay Singh’s strategic acumen.

MAAN SINGH (1803-1843 AD)

Maan Singh’s path to the throne of Marwar involved a dispute with his brother, Bhim Singh, which led him to seek refuge in the fort of Jalore. During this time, Devnath, a spiritual leader, prophesied Maan Singh’s eventual ascension to kingship.

After becoming the ruler, Maan Singh built a grand temple in Jodhpur dedicated to the Nath sect, reflecting his spiritual inclinations. He also authored a book called Nath Charitra, documenting the traditions and stories of the Nath community.

Titles and Reputation

• Maan Singh is often referred to as the “Sannyasi King” of Marwar due to his devotion to spirituality and his close association with the Nath sect. His rule is marked by a blend of religious pursuits and political strategy.
• He established a library called “Man Pustak Prakash” in Jodhpur, which served as a repository of knowledge and a center for learning during his reign.

Treaty with the British:

• Maan Singh concluded a treaty with the British East India Company on 16 January 1818 A.D. This agreement marked Jodhpur’s entry into the sphere of British influence in India.
• The British representative for this treaty was Charles Metcalfe, while Yuvraj Chhatra Singh and Bishanram Vyas represented Jodhpur. The treaty solidified Jodhpur’s position as a princely state under British protection, while maintaining a degree of internal autonomy.

Opposition to British Policies

• In 1827 A.D., Maan Singh defied the British by giving shelter to Apa Sahib Bhonsle, the ruler of Nagpur, who was resisting British control. He also refused to hand over fugitives who had escaped from British territory, challenging British authority in the region.
• In 1832 A.D., Maan Singh boycotted the Ajmer Darbar held by Governor General Lord William Bentinck. This act of defiance highlighted his resistance to British interference in Rajasthani politics.

Handling Internal Disputes

• After the death of Devnath, a dispute arose between Devnath’s son, Ladunath, and his brother Bhimnath. To resolve this, Maan Singh built the Uday Temple for Bhimnath, demonstrating his role as a mediator among the Nath spiritual leaders.
• Later, in 1839 A.D., Lakshminath led a rebellion of the Naths in the Sadarland region. Maan Singh successfully pacified this rebellion, ensuring stability within Jodhpur.

Cultural Contributions and Court Scholars

Maan Singh was a patron of literature, and his court hosted several eminent scholars, including:

• Kaviraja Bankidas Ji, who authored Bankidas Re Khyat, a significant historical work that provides information on the establishment dates of Jodhpur and Jaipur. He also wrote Man Jaso Mandan, Datar Bawani, and Kukavi Batisi.
• Bankidas Ji composed a song titled “Ayo angrez mulk re upar” (The British Have Come Upon Our Land), which criticizes Rajput kings who supported the British, reflecting the sentiments of resistance against colonial power.