HISTORY OF MEWAR

Overview of Mewar’s Rule

Mewar, a region in Rajasthan, India, was historically governed by the Guhil dynasty. The Guhils, belonging to the Suryavanshi lineage, were Hindu rulers who claimed descent from the Sun God. Among the 24 branches of the Guhil dynasty, the Guhils of Mewar were the most distinguished and influential. The Guhil dynasty holds the distinction of being one of the longest reigning dynasties in the world, maintaining its legacy through centuries.

Recognition by Historical Sources

The significance of Mewar’s rule is highlighted by the writings of the Muslim historian Farishta, who notes, “The Rana of Mewar has been ruling since ancient times, and their kingdom existed even before the origin of the Muslim religion.” This statement underlines the long-standing historical presence and prominence of Mewar in the Indian subcontinent, predating the advent of Islam.

Guhil – The Founder of the Guhil Dynasty

• Founding & Background: Guhil is recognized as the founder of the Guhil dynasty. According to Colonel James Tod, a British historian, Guhil is believed to be the son of Shiladitya of Vallabhi, Gujarat. His mother’s name was Pushpavati. The Vallabhi dynasty was known for its influence in Western India, which suggests that Guhil had a significant royal lineage.
• Reign in Mewar: According to the historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, Guhil ruled Mewar around 566 AD. This estimation is based on the Somali inscription, a key historical record that provides insights into his reign and the establishment of his dynasty in the region.
• Numismatic Evidence: In 1869 AD, about 2,000 silver coins attributed to Guhil were discovered in Agra. These coins are significant as they offer numismatic evidence of Guhil’s rule and influence, providing insight into the economic and political stability of his era.

Ancient Names of Mewar

• MedPat
• Pragvat
• Shivi Janpad

 

SAMOLI INSCRIPTION  The Samoli inscription from 646 AD is a significant historical record of the Guhil dynasty, particularly important for understanding the early history of Mewar. It is the oldest known inscription of the Guhil lineage and provides crucial details about the timeline and genealogy of the dynasty. Details from the Inscription Genealogy of the Guhil Dynasty: The inscription lists Sheeladitya as the fifth descendant of Guhil. The genealogical sequence is as follows: Guhil (Founder) Bhoja Mahendra Nag Sheeladitya This lineage highlights the continuity of the dynasty from Guhil to Sheeladitya, underscoring the early stability and expansion of Guhil rule in the Mewar region. Cultural Contributions: According to the inscription, the head of the Mahajan (merchant) community from Vatnagar (modern-day Sirohi), Jentak Mahtar, played a key role in the cultural and religious life of the time. He constructed a temple dedicated to Aranyavasini Devi (Javar Mata) in the region of Aranyakagiri. This temple, an important center of worship, housed 18 types of singers, indicating its rich cultural and musical heritage. Jentak Mahtar’s End: The inscription also mentions that Jentak Mahtar performed sati (self-immolation) by entering the fire at a place called ‘Devbuk’. This act of self-sacrifice reflects the cultural and religious practices of that era, where acts of self-immolation were sometimes viewed as honorable or spiritually significant. Economic Insights – Mining Industry: The Samoli inscription sheds light on the local mining industry (Agar) of Javar. This reference indicates the presence of a well-established mining and metallurgy sector in the region, possibly related to silver extraction, as the area of Javar (now Zawar) was known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals. The economic activities in Javar likely played a role in supporting the Guhil dynasty’s prosperity and influence in the region. Importance of the Samoli Inscription The Samoli inscription is a valuable historical document that not only provides a glimpse into the genealogy of the Guhil rulers but also offers insights into the cultural, religious, and economic life of Mewar during the mid-7th century. It serves as a testament to the early development of Mewar under the Guhil dynasty, contributing significantly to our understanding of Rajasthan’s ancient history.

BAPA RAWAL (734-753 AD)

Real Name and Spiritual Guidance 

According to the historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, Bapa Rawal’s real name was Kalabhoj. He is noted for being a disciple of Harit Rishi, a revered sage. With the blessings of Harit Rishi, Bapa Rawal is said to have achieved military victories, which helped shape his legacy in Mewar’s history.

Conquest of Chittor Fort

Bapa Rawal is credited with defeating Man Maurya and capturing the Chittor Fort, a strategic stronghold in Mewar. This event is chronicled in the Raj Prasasti, a significant historical source that records the achievements of Mewar’s rulers. His conquest of Chittor marked a pivotal moment in establishing the dominance of the Guhil dynasty in the region.

Capital and Religious Contributions

• Capital at Nagda: After his victory, Bapa Rawal established his capital at Nagda, near modern-day Udaipur.
• Eklingji Temple: He is renowned for building a temple dedicated to Eklingji (Lakulish) in Kailashpuri (modern-day Udaipur). This temple holds immense religious significance as Eklingji became the tutelary deity of the rulers of Mewar. The rulers of Mewar considered themselves as the “Diwan (chief servant) of Eklingji,” emphasizing their role as the deity’s representatives on earth.

Military Expeditions and Achievements

• Expedition to Ghazni: Bapa Rawal’s military prowess extended beyond the boundaries of Mewar. He is noted for traveling to Ghazni (in present-day Afghanistan), where he defeated a Muslim army and ousted the ruler Salim. After this victory, Bapa Rawal installed his nephew as the ruler of the region. This act symbolizes Bapa Rawal’s reach and influence during his reign.
• Comparison to Charles Martel: The historian Chintamani Vinayak Vaidya compared Bapa Rawal to Charles Martel, the French general known for halting the advance of Muslims into Europe. This comparison underscores Bapa Rawal’s role in resisting invasions and defending the territory under his control, similar to Martel’s efforts in Europe.

Economic Evidence – Gold Coins

Gold coins weighing 115 grains, attributed to Bapa Rawal, have been discovered. These coins provide evidence of the economic stability and prosperity during his rule and are valuable artifacts for understanding the monetary practices of his time.

Legacy and Rawalpindi Connection

Rawalpindi: The city of Rawalpindi in modern-day Pakistan is said to have been named after Bapa Rawal. According to historical accounts, he established a military base in the region during his expeditions, leaving a lasting impact on the area’s history and nomenclature.

Titles and Honors

Bapa Rawal earned several titles that reflect his status, achievements, and reverence in Mewar and beyond:

1. Hindu Surya – Symbolizing his role as a protector of Hinduism and his connection to the Suryavanshi lineage.
2. Rajguru – Reflecting his esteemed position as a leader and spiritual figure in the region.
3. Chakkavai (Conqueror of All Four Directions) – This title highlights his military conquests and the extent of his influence during his reign.

ALLAT (ALU RAVAL)

Establishment of the Second Capital and Bureaucracy

• Second Capital at Ahad (Udaipur): Allat, also known as Alu Raval, is credited with making Ahad (near modern-day Udaipur) the second capital of the Mewar kingdom. This strategic decision was crucial in extending the influence of Mewar, providing a strong administrative and cultural center in addition to Chittor.
• Construction of the Varah (Vishnu) Temple: In Ahad, Allat constructed a Varah (Vishnu) temple, which played an important role in promoting religious activities and cultural development in the region. The temple was dedicated to Lord Vishnu, symbolizing the ruler’s devotion to the Hindu deities and the emphasis on religious architecture during his reign.
• Establishment of Administrative System: According to the Saraneshwar Prasasti, Allat established a bureaucratic system in Mewar. This move signifies the formalization of governance and administrative structures, which likely contributed to more effective management of the kingdom’s territories and resources.

 

Details from the Shaktikumar Inscription (977 AD)

• The Shaktikumar inscription from 977 AD, discovered in Aatpur (Ahad), provides valuable details about Allat’s family background and alliances.
• Maternal Lineage: Allat’s mother, Mahalaxmi, belonged to the Rathore clan of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. The Rashtrakutas were a powerful dynasty in southern and central India, indicating that Allat’s maternal lineage was of significant prestige and influence.
• Marriage Alliance: Allat married Hariya Devi, a princess of the Huna lineage. This marriage represents a strategic alliance between Mewar and the Hunas, which likely aimed at strengthening political ties and securing support from neighboring regions.
• Establishment of Harshpur: Hariya Devi, Allat’s wife, is credited with establishing a village named Harshpur. This act of establishing new settlements indicates the role of royal women in the expansion of territorial control and influence during this period.

 

SARANESHWAR PRASASTI (953 AD) The Saraneshwar Prasasti is an important historical eulogy, discovered at the Shiva temple named Saraneshwar in Udaipur. Originally, this eulogy was placed in the Varah temple of Ahad, offering a wealth of information about the rulers of Mewar, their administration, and cultural practices during the 10th century AD. Key Details from the Saraneshwar Prasasti Mentions of Royal Figures: The inscription specifically refers to Allat, a significant ruler of Mewar, his mother Mahalakshmi, and his son Narvahan. These details provide a lineage record that helps establish the continuity of leadership within the Guhil dynasty. Donors of the Varah Temple: The eulogy also mentions the donors associated with the Varah (Vishnu) temple in Ahad. These donors played a crucial role in the construction and maintenance of this important religious site, highlighting the patronage system that supported religious activities and temple construction during this period. Tax and Maintenance Systems: The Saraneshwar Prasasti provides valuable insights into the tax system and temple maintenance practices in Mewar during the 10th century. The inscription suggests a structured taxation system, with revenues likely directed towards maintaining religious institutions like the Varah temple. This reflects a well-organized administrative approach to ensure the upkeep of cultural and religious sites, emphasizing the importance of temples in the socio-economic structure of the time. Cultural Diversity in Ahad: The prasasti notes that Ahad was a hub of diverse communities, hosting merchants from various regions, including: Karnataka (southern India) Madhya Pradesh (central India) Lat (part of modern-day Gujarat) Takka (part of Punjab) This detail indicates Ahad’s role as a vibrant center of trade and commerce, attracting traders from across the Indian subcontinent. It underscores the strategic importance of Ahad in Mewar’s economic activities and its connections with different parts of India. Construction and Inscription Authorship: The Varah temple at Ahad was built by a master figure named Agrat. His role as the architect or main builder indicates the expertise involved in temple construction during this era. The Saraneshwar Prasasti itself was composed by Kayastha Pal and Velak, suggesting that skilled scribes and writers were involved in creating these inscriptions, which were often crafted to document the achievements and patronage of rulers and prominent figures.

 

JAITRA SINGH (1213-1250 AD)

Battle of Bhutala (1227 AD)

• Jaitra Singh, a prominent ruler of Mewar, is best known for his victory in the Battle of Bhutala near Udaipur in 1227 AD, where he defeated Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi, who was a significant figure of the Delhi Sultanate. This encounter is documented in the historical work Hammir Madamardan by Jaisingh Suri, where Iltutmish is referred to as Hammir, a term often used for powerful rulers.
• Despite this victory, the returning army of Iltutmish devastated Nagda, then an important center in Mewar. To counter this setback and secure a more strategic position, Jaitra Singh established Chittor as the new capital of Mewar, seizing it from the Paramaras, another influential Rajput dynasty. This strategic shift not only solidified Mewar’s territorial strength but also made Chittor a central seat of power and culture for centuries.

 

Golden Period of Medieval Mewar

Historian Dr. Dashrath Sharma describes Jaitra Singh’s reign as the golden period of medieval Mewar. This characterization highlights the stability, prosperity, and cultural achievements of Mewar during his rule. Under Jaitra Singh, Mewar experienced a period of consolidation and expansion, maintaining its autonomy despite the growing influence of the Delhi Sultanate in northern India.

 

Recognition by Historians

According to Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, Jaitra Singh stood out as the most powerful king of Mewar during the time of the Ghulam (Slave) dynasty rulers of Delhi. His bravery and military prowess were so noteworthy that even his adversaries praised his valor. This acknowledgment emphasizes Jaitra Singh’s significance in resisting the expansionist ambitions of the Sultanate and defending Mewar’s independence.

 

JAITRA SINGH

Battle of Bhutala (1227 AD)

• Location: Bhutala, near Udaipur.
• Combatants: Maharana Jaitra Singh of Mewar versus Sultan Iltutmish of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Outcome: Jaitra Singh successfully defeated Iltutmish in the battle, which is considered a significant military achievement.
• Source: The details of this battle are found in the Hammir Madamardan, a work by Jaisingh Suri, where Iltutmish is referred to as Hammir.

 

Aftermath of the Battle

• Destruction of Nagda: The retreating forces of Iltutmish caused devastation in Nagda, an important center in Mewar.
• Establishment of Chittor as Capital: In response to the destruction, Jaitra Singh made Chittor the new capital of Mewar, seizing it from the Paramaras. This strategic move strengthened Mewar’s political and military position.

Historical Evaluation

• Golden Period of Medieval Mewar: Dr. Dashrath Sharma, a prominent historian, considers Jaitra Singh’s reign to be the golden period of medieval Mewar, due to his successful defense against Delhi’s forces and the establishment of Chittor as a center of power.
• Praise from Contemporaries: According to Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, Jaitra Singh was regarded as the most powerful king of Mewar during the time of the Sultans of the Ghulam dynasty in Delhi. His bravery and military prowess were acknowledged even by his opponents, marking him as a distinguished ruler in Mewar’s history.

 

JAISINGH SURI He was a literary figure who thrived under the patronage of ministers Vastupal and Tejpal, serving Rana Veeradhaval of the Solanki (Baghel) dynasty in Dholka, Gujarat. His works, including ‘Hammir Madamardan’ and ‘Vastupala Prasasti’, are valuable contributions to the historical and cultural literature of the time. While ‘Hammir Madamardan’ provides insights into military events like the Battle of Bhutala, ‘Vastupala Prasasti’ celebrates the patronage and benevolence of Vastupal, emphasizing the cultural richness of the era. Association with Vastupal and Tejpal Jaisingh Suri was closely associated with Vastupal and Tejpal, who were ministers under Rana Veeradhaval of Baghel (Solanki) dynasty in Dholka, Gujarat. Vastupal and Tejpal were known for their patronage of literature and arts, and Jaisingh Suri benefited from their support. Literary Contributions Hammir Madamardan: Jaisingh Suri authored ‘Hammir Madamardan’, a play in which he praises Rana Veeradhaval of Dholka. The play is significant as it provides historical information about Rana Veeradhaval and his military engagements. In the context of Mewar’s history, it mentions the Battle of Bhutala where Jaitra Singh defeated Sultan Iltutmish, referring to Iltutmish as Hammir. Vastupala Prasasti: Jaisingh Suri’s other notable work is the ‘Vastupala Prasasti’, which is a eulogy dedicated to Vastupal, one of the ministers. This composition praises Vastupal’s contributions to literature, art, and governance, highlighting the cultural achievements during the reign of Rana Veeradhaval in Gujarat.

 

RATAN SINGH (1302-1303 AD)

In 1303 AD, Alauddin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi, launched a significant military campaign against Mewar, targeting the fortress of Chittor during the rule of Ratan Singh. This invasion is one of the most famous episodes in the history of Mewar due to its strategic, political, and cultural implications.

Reasons for Alauddin Khilji’s Attack on Mewar

1. Sultan’s Imperialist Ambitions: Alauddin Khilji’s desire to expand his empire across northern India drove him to target strategic regions like Mewar. He aimed to consolidate his control over key territories to strengthen his empire.
2. Strategic Importance of Chittor: The Chittor Fort held great strategic value due to its strong hills, massive ramparts, and substantial grain and water storage, making it a formidable defensive position. Capturing Chittor would provide Khilji a stronghold in the Rajputana region.
3. Commercial Importance: Chittor was strategically located on the trade routes connecting Delhi to Gujarat and Malwa, making it economically valuable. Controlling this region would enhance the Sultanate’s access to trade routes and resources.
4. Rising Influence of Mewar: Mewar’s increasing influence and power posed a challenge to the Delhi Sultanate. By defeating Ratan Singh, Khilji aimed to curb the growing autonomy of Mewar and assert his dominance.
5. Prestige Issue: A key point of contention was the passage tax collected by Ratan Singh’s father, Samarsingh, from Khilji’s caravan on their way to Gujarat. This act was seen as an affront to the Sultan’s prestige, prompting him to retaliate.
6. Beauty of Queen Padmini: The legendary beauty of Queen Padmini, Ratan Singh’s wife, is often cited as another reason for Khilji’s attack. According to folklore, Khilji was enticed by the tales of her beauty and sought to possess her, which led to the confrontation.

 

The First Saka of Chittor (1303 AD)

• Jauhar and Kesariya: The attack by Alauddin Khilji resulted in the first Saka (self-sacrifice battle) of Chittor. During this event, Rani Padmini and 1,600 other Rajput women performed Jauhar, a ritual self-immolation, to avoid capture and dishonor at the hands of Khilji’s forces. Simultaneously, Ratan Singh and his generals, Gora and Badal, performed Kesariya, a battle to the death, as they fought valiantly against the invaders.
• Capture of Chittor and Aftermath: On 25 August 1303, Alauddin Khilji captured Chittor Fort. The next day, he ordered the massacre of 30,000 civilians, a tragic event that marked the Sultan’s determination to establish his authority. After the conquest, Khilji handed over Chittor to his son, Khizr Khan, and renamed it Khizrabad.

 

Historical Records and Monuments

• Amir Khusro’s Account: The events of this invasion are detailed in Khazain-ul-Futuh (Tarikh-e-Alai), written by Khilji’s court historian Amir Khusro. His narrative provides a detailed account of the battle, the capture of Chittor, and the aftermath from the Sultanate’s perspective.
• Persian Inscription at Dargah of Dhaibi Pir (1325 AD): The Dargah of Dhaibi Pir in Chittor contains a Persian inscription dating back to 1325 AD, referring to Chittor as Khizrabad, commemorating the change in name during Khilji’s rule.

 

Contributions of Khizr Khan

• Infrastructure Development: Khizr Khan, appointed by Alauddin Khilji as the ruler of Chittor, made notable contributions to the region, including the construction of a bridge over the Gambhiri River.
• Mausoleum Construction: He also built a mausoleum at the foothills of Chittor, which included a Persian inscription (1310 AD) praising Alauddin Khilji as the second Alexander (Iskandar Sani), the shadow of God, and the protector of the world. These titles reflect the Sultan’s imperial ambitions and the glorification of his rule in the inscriptions.

 

Subsequent Control of Chittor

After Khilji’s rule, Chittor was later handed over to Maldev Sonagara, also known as Muchola Maldev, indicating a shift in control and a reestablishment of local authority in the region.

The invasion of Chittor by Alauddin Khilji in 1303 AD during Ratan Singh’s reign is a significant event in the history of Mewar. It showcases the strategic importance of Chittor, the rising influence of Mewar, and the ambitions of the Delhi Sultanate. The Saka of Chittor, marked by the Jauhar of Rani Padmini and Kesariya by Ratan Singh and his generals, stands as a symbol of Rajput valor and resistance. The aftermath of the battle saw a tragic massacre and the renaming of Chittor to Khizrabad. The accounts from Amir Khusro and inscriptions of the time provide valuable historical records of this tumultuous period.

MALDEV SONAGARA Family Background and Connection to Jalore Maldev Sonagara, also known as Muchola Maldev, was the brother of Kanhaddev Sonagara, the ruler of Jalore in Rajasthan. The Sonagaras were a prominent Rajput clan known for their stronghold in Jalore, which was an important center of power in the region during the early 14th century. After the Fall of Jalore (1311 AD) In 1311 AD, Jalore fell to the forces of Alauddin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi, after a fierce battle. Following this defeat, Kanhaddev Sonagara lost control of Jalore, and the region came under the dominance of the Delhi Sultanate. After the fall of his ancestral kingdom, Maldev Sonagara entered the service of the Sultan. This transition highlights the complex dynamics of power during this period, as many Rajput nobles sought to align themselves with the Delhi Sultanate following military defeats, either for survival or to maintain some level of influence under the Sultan’s rule.

 

RANI PADMINI AND THE EPIC ‘PADMAVAT’ Origin and Description in ‘Padmavat’: Rani Padmini is a legendary figure whose story is primarily known through the epic ‘Padmavat’, written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 AD. The Padmavat is a Sufi allegorical poem that tells the tale of Padmini, a princess of Sinhal Island (present-day Sri Lanka). According to this epic, Padmini was known for her extraordinary beauty, which became a central element of the narrative surrounding the siege of Chittor by Alauddin Khilji. Parentage: As per the story, Padmini’s father was Gandharvasen, and her mother was Champawati. This royal lineage from Sinhal Island adds to the mystique and romanticized nature of her character in the poetic tradition. Role of Raghav Chetan: A Brahmin named Raghav Chetan is said to have played a pivotal role in drawing Alauddin Khilji’s attention to the beauty of Rani Padmini. According to the Padmavat, Raghav Chetan, who had been banished from Chittor for deceitful acts, informed Alauddin Khilji of Padmini’s unparalleled beauty. This led the Sultan to launch a campaign against Chittor with the intention of seeing and capturing Padmini. Historical Sources and Interpretations: Acceptance of the Story: The tale of Rani Padmini has been accepted, with variations, by several historians and writers over the centuries: Abul Fazal in his Akbarnama, a chronicle of Emperor Akbar’s reign, includes a version of this story. Farishta mentions it in his historical work Gulshan-e-Ibrahimi. Haji Uddvir refers to it in Zafarulwali. Colonel James Tod, a British historian known for his accounts of Rajasthan, also references this legend, albeit with his interpretations. Italian traveler Manucci discusses it in his work Storio de Mogor, contributing a European perspective to the story. Muhanaut Nainasi and Dasaratha Sharma also include references to this story in their historical writings. Divergence in Acceptance: However, not all historical accounts accept the story of Rani Padmini. Notably, Suriyamall Measan, a Rajasthani poet and historian, did not accept the narrative as factual. This divergence in acceptance highlights the blend of history, folklore, and literary imagination surrounding Rani Padmini’s story.

 

HAMMER SISODIA (1326-1364 AD)

Establishment of the Sisodia Branch of the Guhil Dynasty

Feudatory of Sisoda: He was originally a feudatory (Samant) of Sisoda, a region in Rajsamand (Rajasthan). From Sisoda, the Sisodia branch of the Guhil dynasty began, marking a new era in the history of Mewar’s leadership. The rulers of this branch adopted the title of Rana, a significant shift in the royal title used by the ruling house of Mewar, distinguishing them from earlier rulers who used the title Rawal. Ratan Singh was the last ruler from the Rawal branch of the Guhil dynasty.

 

Conquest of Chittor (1326 AD)

In 1326 AD, he defeated Banveer (also known as Jaisa), who was the son of Maldev Sonagara, to seize control of Chittor. This victory was pivotal in re-establishing Mewar’s independence and solidifying his position as a leader of the Sisodia branch. The conquest of Chittor marked the beginning of a new phase of Mewar’s resurgence and laid the foundation for the subsequent glories of the Sisodia dynasty.

 

Victory over Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq

He achieved a significant military victory against the Delhi Sultanate by defeating Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq in the Battle of Singoli, which took place near Banswara. This victory not only reinforced Mewar’s military strength but also restored its prestige after the loss of Chittor to Alauddin Khilji in 1303. As a result, he secured Mewar’s autonomy from the Sultanate’s control, positioning himself as a formidable defender of Rajputana’s sovereignty.

 

Titles and Commendations

• Formidable Hindu: Colonel James Tod, a British historian known for his documentation of Rajasthan’s history, referred to him as a formidable Hindu, emphasizing his resilience and valor in the face of external threats, particularly those from the Delhi Sultanate.
• Visham Ghati Panchanan: In the Kumbhalgarh commendation, he is described as Visham Ghati Panchanan, a term that metaphorically signifies his strength and ferocity in battle, comparing him to a lion in difficult terrains. This title highlights his tactical prowess and his ability to overcome challenging circumstances.
• Veer Raja: In Rasikapriya, he is called the Veer Raja, or Brave King, which underscores his reputation as a valiant warrior and a leader with unmatched courage.
• Savior of Mewar: He is also regarded as the savior of Mewar due to his role in restoring and protecting the sovereignty of Mewar from external invasions, particularly after the earlier devastations by Alauddin Khilji and later confrontations with the Delhi Sultanate.

 

THE ORIGIN OF THE SISODIA LINEAGE AND THE ROLE OF RAHAP Grant of Sisoda to Rahap: The region of Sisoda was given to Rahap during the rule of Rawal Ranasingh or Karnasingh of Mewar. This marked the beginning of the Sisodia branch of the Guhil dynasty, named after the region of Sisoda in Rajsamand, Rajasthan. Rahap’s establishment in Sisoda laid the groundwork for what would become one of the most prominent Rajput lineages in Indian history. Role of Laxman Singh and the First Saka of Chittor Laxman Singh, a direct descendant of Rahap, played a significant role during the first Saka of Chittor in 1303 AD, when Alauddin Khilji attacked the fort. Laxman Singh, along with his son Ari Singh (father of Hammir), attained Virgati (martyrdom) while defending Chittor against Khilji’s forces. Their sacrifice is remembered as part of the tragic yet heroic events during the Jauhar of Rani Padmini and the Kesariya battle led by Ratan Singh. Ascension of Hammir with Ajay Singh’s Support After the fall of Chittor, Hammir, Laxman Singh’s grandson, was brought to prominence by his uncle Ajay Singh, who made Hammir the feudatory (Samant) of Sisoda. This move positioned Hammir to later reclaim Chittor and restore Mewar’s sovereignty. Hammir’s rise would ultimately lead to the foundation of the Sisodia dynasty that would rule Mewar for centuries. Ajay Singh’s Descendants and the Link to Shivaji Sajjan Singh, the son of Ajay Singh, is noted for having traveled to South India. According to certain traditions, Shivaji, the legendary Maratha warrior and founder of the Maratha Empire, is considered a descendant of Sajjan Singh. This connection is often highlighted to demonstrate the historical ties between the Sisodia Rajputs of Mewar and the Marathas of Maharashtra, both known for their resistance against external invasions and their shared Rajput heritage.

 

MAHARANA LAKHA (1382-1421 AD)

Economic Developments and Contributions

• Discovery of Silver Mine in Javar (Udaipur): During the reign of Maharana Lakha (Lakha Singh), a significant silver mine was discovered in Javar, near Udaipur. This discovery greatly contributed to the economic prosperity of Mewar, providing a valuable resource that bolstered the kingdom’s wealth and trade.
• Construction of Lake Pichola: The renowned Lake Pichola in Udaipur was constructed by a Banjare, a nomadic merchant. The creation of this lake not only provided a water source for the surrounding areas but also added to the natural beauty and strategic importance of Udaipur, which would later become the capital of Mewar.
• Platform of Natni (Natni ka Chabutra): Near Lake Pichola, there is a site known as the ‘Platform of Natni’ (Natni ka Chabutra). This location is associated with local legends and folklore, often celebrated in the oral traditions of Rajasthan.

 

Military Events and Alliances

• Kumbha Hada’s Sacrifice: Kumbha Hada, the brother-in-law of Maharana Lakha, was killed while protecting the fort of Bundi from external threats. His sacrifice is remembered as an act of valor and loyalty, reflecting the martial culture and warrior ethos of the time.
• Marriage Alliance with Marwar: Hansabai, the daughter of Raja Chunda of Marwar, was married to Maharana Lakha of Mewar, strengthening ties between the kingdoms of Marwar and Mewar. This alliance was politically significant, helping to establish stronger bonds between two of Rajasthan’s most influential regions.

Relationship between the Mewar-Guhil Dynasty and the Marwar-Rathore Dynasty: Mewar-Guhil Dynasty: Rana Lakha is shown as a member of this dynasty. Chunda (also known as the Bhishma of Mewar) is the son of Rana Lakha. Marwar-Rathore Dynasty: Chunda of Marwar has two children: Hansabai and Ranmal. Marriage Alliance: The diagram indicates a marriage between Rana Lakha of Mewar and Hansabai, the daughter of Chunda of Marwar. This marriage formed a significant alliance between the two dynasties. This marriage is historically important as it forged strong ties between the Mewar and Marwar kingdoms, influencing their political and cultural dynamics during that era. Additionally, the renunciation of the throne by Chunda of Mewar further shaped the future succession and governance of Mewar.

 

Chunda’s Vow and its Consequences

• Chunda’s Renunciation of Succession: Chunda, the son of Maharana Lakha, took a vow to renounce his claim to the throne, allowing Hansabai’s son to become the next king of Mewar. This act of sacrifice is often compared to Bhishma from the Mahabharata, and thus Chunda is revered as the ‘Bhishma of Mewar’ for his selflessness and devotion to the royal family.
• Privileges Granted to Chunda: In recognition of his renunciation, Chunda was given several significant privileges and responsibilities within the kingdom:
  • Thikanas (Feudal Estates): Out of the 16 first-class Thikanas (feudal estates) of Mewar, 4 were granted to Chunda. One of the most prominent of these was Salumbar, located in Udaipur, which became a major center of power and influence.
  • Salumbar’s Role in Coronation: The feudatory of Salumbar was given the honor of conducting the coronation of the King of Mewar, symbolizing the high status of the Salumbar estate.
  • Military Leadership: The feudatory of Salumbar was also appointed as the commander of the Mewar army, underscoring the military importance of this position within the kingdom.
  • Signing of Gazettes: All official documents and gazettes of Mewar required the signature of the feudatory of Salumbar alongside the Rana’s signature, indicating the significant administrative role played by the Salumbar estate.
  • Custodian of the Capital: In the absence of the Rana (the king), the feudatory of Salumbar was responsible for managing the affairs of the capital, ensuring stability and continuity of governance.

 

Terms Related to Army Formations: Haraval: Refers to the front of the army. In military terms, the Haraval was typically the vanguard or the leading section of the forces during battle. This formation was responsible for initiating attacks, engaging the enemy first, and often playing a critical role in the initial confrontation. Chandaval: Refers to the back of the army. This part of the formation was typically positioned as the rearguard. The Chandaval played a vital role in providing support to the main forces, ensuring the safety of supplies and communication lines, and protecting against any attacks from the rear. These terms were commonly used in the context of medieval Indian warfare to describe the strategic positioning of troops in a battle formation. The Haraval and Chandaval formations were crucial for coordinating movements and ensuring a balanced approach to both offense and defense on the battlefield.

 

MAHARANA MOKAL (1421-1433 AD)

Family Background

• Father: Rana Lakha, ruler of Mewar.
• Mother: Hansabai, daughter of Raja Chunda of the Marwar-Rathore Dynasty.

 

Guardianship and Internal Conflicts

• First Guardian – Chunda: After the death of Rana Lakha, Chunda, Mokal’s elder brother, initially took on the role of guardian for young Mokal. However, due to mistrust from Hansabai, Chunda left Mewar and moved to Malwa, seeking the protection of Hoshang Shah, the Sultan of Malwa.
• Second Guardian – Ranmal: After Chunda’s departure, Ranmal, Hansabai’s brother, became the guardian of Maharana Mokal. Under Ranmal’s guidance, Mokal continued to govern Mewar and oversee various construction projects.

 

Architectural Contributions

• Construction of Perkota (Boundary Wall): Maharana Mokal is credited with building the perkota (boundary wall) of the Eklingji Temple. This temple is significant as it is the chief deity’s shrine for the rulers of Mewar, who considered themselves the Diwans of Eklingji.
• Reconstruction of Samideshwar Temple: Mokal undertook the reconstruction of the Samideshwar Temple in Chittor. This temple was previously known as the Tribhuvan Narayan Temple, originally built by Bhoj Parmar of the Paramara Dynasty. The reconstruction under Mokal highlights his patronage of religious architecture and his efforts to restore the spiritual heritage of Mewar.
• Temple of Dwarikanath (Vishnu): Mokal also built a temple dedicated to Dwarikanath (Vishnu) in Chittor, complete with a reservoir to serve the local population and provide water for religious activities. This construction demonstrates his focus on both spiritual and practical needs.
• Bawdi for Queen Gaurambika: To honor the memory of his late queen, Gaurambika of the Baghela Dynasty, Mokal built a bawdi (stepwell) at the site associated with Shringi Rishi. This stepwell served as a charitable structure for pilgrims and travelers.
• Baghela Pond: Mokal also constructed the Baghela Pond in honor of his brother Baghsingh, contributing to the irrigation and water needs of the region. These water structures were crucial in Mewar’s semi-arid landscape, supporting agriculture and local communities.

 

Political Events and Mokal’s Death

Invasion by Ahmad Shah of Gujarat (1433 AD): During 1433 AD, Ahmad Shah of Gujarat invaded Mewar, creating instability in the region. Around this time, internal strife within Mewar’s court led to Maharana Mokal’s assassination. He was killed by Chacha, Mera, and Mahapa Panwar at Jilwara (near Rajsamand). This event brought a premature end to his reign, leading to further changes in Mewar’s leadership.

 

HASTIKUNDHI INSCRIPTION (997 AD) The Hastikundhi inscription from 997 AD is a significant historical record that provides insight into the political alliances and conflicts of the time. This inscription was discovered at a site called Hastikundi, near Bijapur in the Pali district of Rajasthan. Key Details from the Inscription: Conflict with the Paramara King: According to the inscription, Munj (Vakpatiraja, also known as Amoghavarsha), a powerful king of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa, launched a military campaign against Mewar. During this invasion, Munj attacked and broke Aghat (Ahad), an important settlement near modern-day Udaipur, highlighting the intensity of the conflict between Malwa and Mewar. Support from the Rathores: At this critical time, Dhawal, the son of the Rathore king Mamat, came to Mewar’s aid. This alliance with the Rathores proved significant in resisting the aggression of the Paramara forces. The assistance from Dhawal illustrates the alliances that Mewar forged with neighboring kingdoms to maintain its territorial integrity. Ruler of Mewar – Shakti Kumar: During this period, Shakti Kumar was the ruler of Mewar. His reign witnessed the challenge posed by the Paramara invasion and the subsequent support from Rathore allies. The inscription underscores the complex political dynamics in the region, with Mewar navigating both external threats and regional alliances.

 

SHRINGI RISHI INSCRIPTION (1428 AD) The Shringi Rishi inscription of 1428 AD is an important Sanskrit inscription found near Eklingji in Udaipur, Rajasthan. This inscription dates back to the time of Maharana Mokal of Mewar and provides significant insights into the history, conquests, and cultural activities of Mewar’s rulers from Hammir to Mokal. Key Details from the Inscription: Purpose of the Inscription: According to the inscription, Maharana Mokal commissioned the construction of a kund (water reservoir) at the site of Shringi Rishi for the liberation of his queen Gourambika, who belonged to the Baghela dynasty. This act reflects Mokal’s devotion to religious and spiritual practices, emphasizing the importance of water structures in Mewar’s religious traditions. Historical Records of Mewar’s Rulers: The inscription provides a historical overview of the rulers of Mewar, including: Hammir: It records that Hammir Singh, the founder of the Sisodia line, achieved significant military victories, including the conquest of Jilwara (Eider) and Palanpur, and his defeat of the Bhils, a tribal community in the region. Kshetra Singh: It mentions that Kshetra Singh, a descendant of Hammir, defeated Amishah, the governor of Malwa, solidifying Mewar’s position against the Malwa Sultanate. Laksh Singh (Rana Lakha): The inscription credits Laksh Singh with making the pilgrimage centers of Kashi (Varanasi), Prayag (Allahabad), and Gaya tax-free, highlighting his patronage and support for Hindu religious centers. Achievements of Maharana Mokal: Victories: The inscription records Mokal’s victories over Feroz Khan of Nagaur and Ahmed Shah of Gujarat, showcasing his military strength and ability to defend Mewar’s sovereignty against neighboring powers. Eklingji Temple Renovations: Mokal is credited with building the ramparts (boundary wall) of the Eklingji Temple and constructing three gates at the temple complex, enhancing its fortification and architectural grandeur. Eklingji, the family deity of the rulers of Mewar, held a central place in their religious and political life. Tuladans: The inscription notes that Mokal performed 25 tuladans (rituals where a person’s weight is matched with donations of gold or other items). One of these rituals was performed at the Varaha Temple in Pushkar, reflecting Mokal’s adherence to traditional Hindu rituals and his commitment to religious charity. Construction of the Kund: Mokal obtained permission for constructing the kund from his Guru Trilochan and participated in the Pratishthan (inauguration) ceremony with his other queen, Mayapuri. This emphasizes the role of spiritual guidance and the involvement of the royal family in religious ceremonies. Composer and Engraver: The inscription was composed by Kaviraj Vani Vilas Yogishwar, indicating the involvement of a learned poet or scholar, and it was engraved by Fana, showcasing the expertise of artisans in documenting historical records in stone.

 

MAHARANA KUMBHA (1433-1468 AD)

Family Background

• Father: Maharana Mokal
• Mother: Saubhagyavati Parmar
• Guardian: Ranmal, who played a pivotal role in guiding Rana Kumbha after Mokal’s death and helping him secure his position as the ruler of Mewar.

 

Rise to Power and Avenging His Father

• Avenging Mokal’s Murder: After the assassination of his father Maharana Mokal at Jilwara, Kumbha, with the assistance of Ranmal, avenged his father’s death. This act of retribution helped Kumbha consolidate his rule in Mewar and reaffirm his authority.
• Ranmal’s Influence in the Court: As Ranmal’s influence grew in the Mewar court, he took decisive actions, including the killing of Raghavdev, Chunda’s brother, who was a significant figure among the Sisodias. This incident eventually led to tensions between Kumbha and Ranmal, contributing to Ranmal’s later downfall.

 

Treaty of Anwal-Bawal (1453 AD)

Allies: The Treaty of Anwal-Bawal in 1453 AD marked an alliance between Jodha, the Rathore leader, and Rana Kumbha of Mewar.

• Sojat (Pali) was established as the border between the territories of Mewar and Marwar, providing a clear demarcation between the two kingdoms.
• Mandore, the previous capital of the Rathores, was returned to Jodha, which helped to restore the Rathore’s influence in Marwar.
• As part of the alliance, Kumbha’s son Raymal was married to Jodha’s daughter Shringar Kanwar, strengthening ties between the two ruling families through marital bonds.
• Hansa, a significant figure in this context, called Chunda back from Malwa, leading to a shift in power dynamics in the region.
• Ranmal’s Downfall: Following these events, Ranmal was killed with the assistance of Bharamali. Jodha, Ranmal’s son, fled to a village named Kahuni near Bikaner for refuge.
• After Ranmal’s death, Chunda gained control of the Rathore capital Mandore (Jodhpur), emphasizing the ongoing power struggles in the region.

 

Battle of Sarangpur (1437 AD)

• Opponents: The Battle of Sarangpur, fought in 1437 AD in Madhya Pradesh, was a significant conflict between Rana Kumbha of Mewar and Mahmud Khilji, the Sultan of Malwa.
• Reasons for the Conflict:
  1. Asylum for Mokal’s Killers: Mahmud Khilji provided refuge to Mokal’s killers, namely Mahapa Panwar and Chacha’s son Ekka, which created animosity between him and Kumbha.
  2. Support for Umar Khan: Kumbha had supported Umar Khan, a rebel against Mahmud Khilji, and provided him with military aid, giving him control over Sarangpur.
  3. Ambitions for Expansion: Both Kumbha and Mahmud Khilji had aspirations for expanding their empires, leading to a natural rivalry between Mewar and Malwa.
• Outcome of the Battle: Rana Kumbha emerged victorious in this battle and succeeded in capturing Mahmud Khilji. To commemorate this victory, Kumbha built the Vijay Stambh (Tower of Victory) in Chittor, a symbol of Mewar’s strength and Kumbha’s legacy.

 

Treaty of Champaner (1456 AD)

Alliance: The Treaty of Champaner in 1456 AD marked an alliance between Mahmud Khilji of Malwa and Qutubuddin Shah of Gujarat. This treaty symbolized a strategic alignment between two significant powers in the region against potential threats like Mewar and aimed to counterbalance Kumbha’s influence in the region.

Objective of Mahmud Khilji and the Treaty of Champaner

• Strategic Goals: The primary objective of Mahmud Khilji, Sultan of Malwa, in forming an alliance was to defeat Rana Kumbha of Mewar and gain control over strategic regions, including Gujarat, the southern part of Mewar, and Ahirwada. This expansionist ambition sought to weaken Mewar’s influence and strengthen the position of Malwa in the region.
• Treaty Details: As part of the Treaty of Champaner, Taj Khan, representing Mahmud Khilji, met with Qutbuddin Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, to form a strategic alliance against Rana Kumbha.

 

Battle of Badnaur (1457 AD)

• Location: The Battle of Badnaur took place in Bhilwara.
• Opponents: The battle involved the combined forces of Malwa and Gujarat against Rana Kumbha.
• Outcome: Rana Kumbha defeated this alliance, asserting his dominance over the region. The details of this battle and Kumbha’s victory are documented in the Kirti Stambha Prasasti and Rasik Priya, highlighting his military skill and strategic leadership.
• Conflict with Sirohi: During this time, Kumbha also defeated Sahasmal Deora of Sirohi, who had provided assistance to Sultan Qutubuddin Shah of Gujarat. In response, Kumbha sent a military expedition under Narasimh Dodia, one of his trusted commanders, to reinforce his hold over the area.

Succession Struggle of Nagaur

• Conflict in Nagaur: After the death of Feroze Khan of Nagaur, a succession struggle arose between his son Shams Khan and his brother Mujahid Khan. Rana Kumbha supported Shams Khan in this conflict, helping him to defeat Mujahid Khan and secure his position in Nagaur.
• Betrayal and Attack on Nagaur: Once in power, Shams Khan began the fortification of Nagaur Fort, which Rana Kumbha saw as a potential threat. As a result, Kumbha attacked Nagaur to prevent the strengthening of Shams Khan’s position.
• Shams Khan’s Alliance with Gujarat: In the wake of Kumbha’s attack, Shams Khan fled to Qutbuddin Shah of Gujarat and further solidified their alliance by marrying Qutbuddin Shah’s daughter.
• Joint Attack on Mewar: With the alliance in place, Qutbuddin Shah and Shams Khan launched a joint attack on Mewar to regain control over Nagaur. However, Rana Kumbha once again emerged victorious, repelling their combined forces.
• Outcome and Dispute: This conflict over Nagaur’s succession and subsequent battles deepened the enmity between Mewar and Gujarat, leading to further hostilities between Rana Kumbha and the Sultanate of Gujarat.

 

Cultural Achievements of Maharana Kumbha

Maharana Kumbha is often referred to as the ‘Father of Architecture of Rajasthan’ due to his immense contributions to the region’s architectural landscape, which include the construction of numerous forts, temples, and monuments that have become landmarks of Rajasthani heritage. 

Notable Structures by Maharana Kumbha

Vijay Stambha (Tower of Victory)

• Other Names: The Vijay Stambha is also known as the Kirti Stambha, Vishnu Dwaz, Garuda Dwaz, Museum of Idols, and the Encyclopedia of Indian Sculpture.
• Description: The Vijay Stambha is a 9-story monument with a height of 122 feet and a width of 30 feet. It is adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures that depict various Hindu deities, making it a repository of Indian mythological art.
  • Gopinath Sharma described it as an organized museum decorated with Hindu deities, while Gorishankar Hirachand Ojha called it an invaluable treasure of mythological deities.
• Architectural Details:
  • The 8th floor of the tower has no idol.
  • The 3rd floor features the word Allah written 9 times in Arabic, reflecting the pluralistic elements incorporated into the monument.
  • Architects: The construction was carried out by Jaita, Poonja, Poma, and Napa, whose names are inscribed on the fifth floor. The eulogy of the Kirti Stambha was composed by Atri and Mahesh.
  • Reconstruction: It was later restored by Mewar Maharana Swaroop Singh.
  • Comparisons: James Tod, a British historian, compared it to the Qutub Minar, while Fergusson likened it to the Tarzan Tower of Rome.
  • Recognition: The Vijay Stambha was the first structure in Rajasthan to be featured on a postal stamp.
• Symbolic Significance:
  • Logo/Symbol for:
    1. Rajasthan Police
    2. Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education
    3. Abhinav Bharat (An organization founded by Veer Savarkar)

 

Jain Kirti Stambh (Adinath Stambh)

• Location: The Jain Kirti Stambh is situated within the Chittor Fort.
• Description: It is a 7-story tower built in the 12th century by the Jain merchant Jija Shah Bagherwal.
• Dedication: The tower is dedicated to Lord Adinath (Rishabhdev), the first Tirthankara of Jainism, and is thus also called the Adinath Stambh. It serves as an important religious symbol for the Jain community.

 

Forts Constructed by Maharana Kumbha

According to Kaviraja Shyamaldas in his book Veer Vinod, Maharana Kumbha is credited with constructing 32 forts out of the 84 in Mewar, showcasing his strategic and architectural acumen. Some of the notable forts include:

1. Kumbhalgarh:
   • Location: Rajsamand district.
   • Architect: Mandan, a prominent architect of the time.
   • Significance: Known as the border sentinel of Mewar-Marwar, Kumbhalgarh served as an exigency capital for Mewar, providing a refuge in times of conflict.
   • Topmost Palace – Katargarh: This palace, known as Katargarh, served as Kumbha’s private residence and is referred to as the ‘Eye of Mewar’ due to its strategic location offering a panoramic view of the region.
   • Kumbhalgarh Eulogy: Composed by Mahesh, this eulogy is located near the Mamadeva Temple. It describes Kumbha as an ‘incarnation of righteousness and purity’ and as ‘Danavir (generous) like Karna and Bhoja’.
2. Achalgarh:
   • Location: Sirohi.
   • Reconstruction: Maharana Kumbha rebuilt Achalgarh Fort in 1452 AD, strengthening its defenses and making it a key part of Mewar’s western frontier.
3. Basantgarh (Basanti Durg):
   • Location: Sirohi.
   • Significance: Built to enhance Mewar’s control over the strategic regions in Sirohi.
4. Machan Fort:
   • Location: Sirohi.
   • Purpose: Constructed to control the Mer tribe, a community that inhabited the surrounding areas.
5. Bhomat Durg:
   • Location: Udaipur.
   • Purpose: Built to control the Bhils, a tribal community known for their influence in the region, ensuring Mewar’s authority in the area.
6. Bairath Durg:
   • Location: Bhilwara.
   • Significance: Played a strategic role in extending Mewar’s influence over the region and securing the borders.

 

Cultural Achievements of Maharana Kumbha 

1. Architectural Contributions:

• Kumbha’s Legacy in Architecture: Known as the ‘Father of Architecture of Rajasthan’, Maharana Kumbha left an indelible mark on the region’s architectural heritage through the construction of temples, forts, and monumental structures.

Key Temples:

• Kumbhaswamy Temples: Kumbha built the Kumbhaswamy temples of Lord Vishnu in Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh, and Achalgarh, each exemplifying the grandeur of Mewar’s religious architecture.
• Vishnu Temple (Meera Temple): Constructed a Vishnu Temple, popularly known as the Meera Temple, at Eklingji, dedicated to Lord Vishnu and associated with the devotion of the saint-poet Meera Bai.
• Shringar Chanwari Temple (Shantinath Jain Temple): Built by Vela Bhandari, the treasurer of Chittor, this Shantinath Jain Temple is another significant religious structure from Kumbha’s era.
• Ranakpur Jain Temple:

• Location: Ranakpur, in the Pali district.
• Construction: Built in 1439 AD by Dharankshah, a Jain merchant.
• Main Temple: The Chamukha Temple, dedicated to Lord Adinath (Rishabhdev), features 1444 intricately carved pillars, earning it the title ‘Museum of Columns’.
• Architect: Depak was the chief architect of the Ranakpur Jain Temple.

 

2. Literary Contributions

Musical Expertise: Kumbha was not only a patron of the arts but also an accomplished musician who played the veena. His Music Guru was Sarang Vyas, and his musical interests are documented in the Kirti Stambh Eulogy.

Books Authored by Kumbha

• Musical Treatises:
  • Sangeet Sudha
  • Sangeet Mimansa
  • Sangeet Kram Deepika
  • Sangeet Raj (Part 5)
• Other Works:
  • Sudha Prabandh
  • Kamaraj Ratisar (7 parts)
  • Pathya Ratna Kosh
  • Geet Ratna Kosh
  • Nritya Ratna Kosh
  • Vadhya Ratna Kosh
  • Ras Ratna Kosh

Commentaries by Kumbha

• Geet Govind: Kumbha wrote the Rasik Priya, a commentary on Jayadev’s Geet Govind, adding depth to this revered work of classical Indian poetry.
• Sangeet Ratnakar: He also composed a commentary on Sarangadhar’s Sangeet Ratnakar, a foundational text on Indian classical music.
• Chandishatak: Kumbha wrote a commentary on Banabhatta’s Chandishatak.

 

Plays by Kumbha

Kumbha authored four plays:

• Murari Sangeet (Kannada)
• Ras Nandini (Mewari)
• Nandini Vriti (Marathi)
• Atulya Chaturi (Sanskrit)

Kumbha’s literary achievements demonstrate his scholarly proficiency in Marathi, Kannada, and Mewari, making him a versatile author.

3. Notable Court Scholars

Kumbha’s court was home to a variety of scholars and artists who enriched the cultural and intellectual life of Mewar:

1. Kanh Vyas: Authored Ekling Mahatmay, highlighting Kumbha’s interest in Vedic literature, Smriti, Mimamsa, Upanishads, Grammar, and Politics.
2. Mehaji: Wrote Tirthamala, documenting 120 pilgrimages and giving insights into the construction of the Kumbhalgarh and Ranakpur temples.
3. Mandan:
   • Vaastusara: Treatise on Vaastu Shastra.
   • Devamurti Prakaran (Roopavatar)
   • Rajavallabh (Bhupativallabh)
   • Roopmandan: Information on sculpture.
   • Kodand Mandan: Insights into the art of archery.
4. Natha (Mandan’s brother): Wrote Vastu Manjari.
5. Govind (Mandan’s son): Authored Dwar Deepika, Udhar Dhorini, Kalanidhi, and Sar Samucch.
6. Ramma Bai: Kumbha’s daughter, a talented musician and recipient of Javar Pargana, titled Vagishwari.
7. Hiranand Muni: Kumbha’s Guru and court poet, awarded the title of Kaviraj.
8. Tila Bhatt
9. Jain Scholars:
   • Somdev Suri
   • Somsundar Suri
   • Jayasekhar
   • Bhuvanakirti

Jain Patronage: Kumbha removed the pilgrimage tax for Jains, further emphasizing his support for religious tolerance and cultural diversity.

4. Titles of Maharana Kumbha

• Hindu Surtana: Protector of Hindus.
• Abhinav Bharathacharya/Navya Bharata: For his contributions to music.
• Rana Rasou: Recognition for his literary contributions.
• Hal Guru: Meaning Hill Fortress Winner, reflecting his military achievements.
• Chap Guru: Acknowledged as a master archer.
• Param Bhagwat: Devotee of Vishnu.
• Adi Varaha: Another title reflecting his devotion to Vishnu.

Death and Legacy

Murder at Kumbhalgarh: Maharana Kumbha’s life came to a tragic end when he was murdered by his son Uda at the Kumbhalgarh Fort. Despite this, Kumbha’s cultural and architectural legacy continued to shape the history of Mewar and Rajasthan.

Kirti Stambha Prasasti (Eulogy)

• Date: 3 December 1460 AD (Margashirsha Krishna Panchami Vikram Samvat 1517).
• Composers: Atri Bhatt and Mahesh Bhatt.
• Description: Initially inscribed on 8 rocks, but only 2 remain today.
• Content: This eulogy provides detailed information about the achievements of Mewar’s Guhil dynasty from Bapa Rawal to Kumbha, including victories at Mandore, Sapadalaksha, Narana, Basantpur, Abu, Khandela, Jangladesha, Nagaur, Gujarat, and Malwa.
• Victory Over Combined Forces: The eulogy records Kumbha’s defeat of the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat, further underscoring his military prowess.
• Documentation of Literary Works: The Kirti Stambha Prasasti lists Kumbha’s literary works such as Sangeetraj, Chandishatak, and commentaries on Geet Govind. It also mentions his four plays: Rajguru, Danaguru, Shailguru, and Abhinav Bharathacharya.
• Construction Records: The eulogy includes details of the construction work undertaken by Kumbha in Kirti Stambha, Kumbhalgarh, Achalgarh, and other sites.
• Stambha Raj: Kumbha wrote a treatise called Stambha Raj on the subject of Kirti Stambhas, which was inscribed on the rocks of the Kirti Stambha. This text was based on the opinions of Jai and Aparajit (son of Brahma), offering insights into the philosophy and symbolism of monumental towers.

 

RANA RAIMAL (1473-1509 AD)

Political Achievements

• Rise to Power: Rana Raimal ascended to the throne of Mewar after defeating his brother Udha in the Battle of Jaawar and Dadimpur. During this struggle, Udha sought assistance from Sultan Gyas Khan of Malwa, but he met an untimely death due to a lightning strike.
• Victory over Sultan Gyas Khan: After becoming the ruler of Mewar, Rana Raimal successfully defeated Sultan Gyas Khan of Malwa. This victory is documented in the Ekling Eulogy of 1488 AD, which highlights his military prowess and ability to maintain Mewar’s independence against the Sultanate’s challenges.

 

Cultural Achievements

• Temple Construction:
  • Shiva Temple in Chittor: Rana Raimal is credited with constructing a magnificent Shiva temple in Chittor, showcasing his devotion to Hindu deities and contributing to the spiritual heritage of Mewar.
  • Other Temples:
    • Shantinath Jain Temple in Nagda: This temple reflects the religious diversity in Mewar, where Jainism had a significant presence alongside Hinduism.
    • Samidheshwar Temple (Tribhuvannarayan) in Chittor: He also focused on the Samidheshwar Temple, which is dedicated to Tribhuvannarayan, continuing the legacy of earlier rulers in supporting religious institutions.
  • Eklingji Temple: Rana Raimal played a crucial role in shaping the present form of the Eklingji Temple, the family deity of the Mewar rulers, which symbolizes the royal devotion and spiritual foundation of the kingdom.
• Contributions by Family Members:
  • Ramabai (Rana Raimal’s Sister): She built a Vishnu temple named Ramaswamy in Jawar and constructed a pond in the same area, contributing to the region’s religious and water management infrastructure.
  • Shringar Kanwar (Rana Raimal’s Queen): She constructed a stepwell in Ghosundi (Chittaur), a significant water management structure. The eulogy at this site provides valuable information about Shringar Kanwar’s lineage and the genealogy of her father, Jodha.

 

GHOSUNDI INSCRIPTION Historical Significance: The Ghosundi inscription dates back to the 2nd century BCE, making it one of the oldest inscriptions in Rajasthan. Religious Insights: This inscription is an important source for understanding the early Vaishnava (Bhagavata) religion in the region. Content: It mentions that King Sarvatat of the Gaja dynasty performed the Ashwamedha Yajna (horse sacrifice), a significant Vedic ritual that symbolized sovereignty and the expansion of royal authority.

 

Notable Figures from Rana Raimal’s Family

• Prithviraj:
  • Son of Rana Raimal: He was known as Udna Rajkumar.
  • Connection to Ajmer: He is associated with Taragarh Fort in Ajmer, which is named Taragarh due to his queen, Tara.
  • Cenotaph: Prithviraj’s cenotaph is located in Kumbhalgarh Fort, featuring 12 pillars that mark his legacy and connection to this important fortification in Mewar.
• Jaimal:
  • Son of Rana Raimal: He is known for his valor and dedication to Mewar’s cause.
  • Death in Battle: Jaimal died fighting against the Solankis, demonstrating the ongoing conflicts that shaped the political landscape of Rajasthan during this period.

Maharana Sanga (1509-1528 AD)

Family Background and Rise to Power

• Father: Raymal, ruler of Mewar.
• Accession to the Throne: After a dispute with his brothers, Maharana Sanga (Sangram Singh)  took refuge near Karmachand Panwar in Srinagar (Ajmer). Following Raymal’s death, Sanga ascended to the throne of Mewar on 5 May 1509.
• Political Context: When Maharana Sanga became the ruler of Mewar:
  • Sikandar Lodi ruled Delhi.
  • Mahmud Shah Begada ruled Gujarat.
  • Nasirshah Khilji ruled Malwa.

 

Two key battles involving Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, during his conflicts with Maharana Sanga of Mewar: Battle of Khatoli (1517 AD): Location: Near Kota, Rajasthan. Combatants: Maharana Sanga of Mewar versus Ibrahim Lodi. Outcome: This battle is significant in the series of conflicts between the Delhi Sultanate and Mewar, showcasing Sanga’s efforts to assert dominance over northern India. Battle of Badi (1518 AD): Location: Near Dholpur, Rajasthan. Combatants: Maharana Sanga versus Ibrahim Lodi. Outcome: The continuation of the rivalry between Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate, highlighting Sanga’s military strength and his strategic expansion into the northern territories. These battles are part of Maharana Sanga’s campaign to extend Mewar’s influence against the declining Delhi Sultanate, setting the stage for future confrontations between Sanga and other regional powers, including Babur.

Conflicts and Military Campaigns

1. Malwa vs. Sanga

• Reasons for Conflict:
  • Expansion Ambitions: Sanga sought to expand his influence in northern India, which required control over Malwa.
  • Internal Weakness of Malwa: The political instability within Malwa presented a strategic opportunity for Sanga.
  • Support for Medinirai: Medinirai of Chanderi sought assistance from Sanga against Mahmud Khilji II of Malwa.
• Battle of Gagron (Jhalawar) 1519 AD:
  • Combatants: Sanga versus Mahmud Khilji II.
  • Context: The Gagraun Fort was under Medinirai, the king of Chanderi.
  • Outcome: Sanga emerged victorious, defeating Mahmud Khilji II.
  • Chivalrous Act: According to Nizamuddin, a Muslim writer, Sanga captured and then released his defeated enemy, giving him back his kingdom. Nizamuddin remarked, “After winning the battle, arrest the enemy and give him the kingdom, this task is not known till date by anyone else.”

 

2. Gujarat vs. Sanga

• Reasons for Conflict:
  • Territorial Ambitions: Sanga’s desire to expand his kingdom and influence in Gujarat.
  • Historical Rivalry: The struggle between Mewar and Gujarat dated back to Maharana Kumbha’s time.
  • Alliance Against Sanga: Muzaffarshah II of Gujarat supported Mahmud Khilji II of Malwa against Sanga.
  • Nagaur: The Muslim kingdom of Nagaur was a Karad (tax-paying) state under Sanga. Muzaffarshah II sought to support its independence.
• Victory Over Bharamal and Muzaffarshah:
  • Immediate Cause: A succession struggle in Edar between Bharmal and Raimal, where Muzaffarshah II supported Bharmal, and Sanga supported Raimal.
  • Outcome: Sanga defeated both Bharmal and Muzaffarshah II, further establishing Mewar’s dominance in the region.

3. Battle of Bayana (Bharatpur) – 16 February 1527 AD:

• Combatants: Babur versus Maharana Sanga.
• Context: The fort of Bayana was under the control of Mehndi Khwaja, and Babur’s commander was Sultan Mirza.
• Outcome: Sanga won the Battle of Bayana, but the conflict with Babur would soon escalate.

 

4. Battle of Khanwa (Bharatpur) – 17 March 1527 AD:

• Combatants: Babur declared jihad and faced Maharana Sanga.
• Babur’s Actions Before the Battle:
  • Vow: Babur vowed to abstain from drinking alcohol.
  • Tax Reforms: He abolished the Tamga tax on Muslim traders.
• Rajput Alliance: Sanga called on the Rajput kings and other allies for support:
  • Amber – Prithviraj
  • Marwar – Maldev (King-Ganga)
  • Bikaner – Kalyanamall (Raja-Jain-Jaitasi)
  • Merta – Veeramdev
  • Sirohi – Akhairaj Deora
  • Chanderi (Madhya Pradesh) – Medinirai
  • Idar – Bgarmal
  • Vagad – Uday Singh
  • Devalia (Pratapgarh) – Baghsinh
  • Sadadi (Chittor) – Jhala Ajja
  • Salumbar – Ratan Singh Chundawat
  • Mewat (Alwar) – Hassan Khan Mewati
  • Mehmud Lodhi – Brother of Ibrahim Lodhi
• Outcome:
  • Despite a strong initial alliance, Sanga was defeated by Babur, who assumed the title of ‘Ghazi’.
  • Jhala Ajja led the battle after Sanga was injured.
  • Sanga retreated to Basava (Dausa) for treatment of his injuries.
  • Irich (Uttar Pradesh): Sanga was allegedly poisoned by his allies.
  • Death: Sanga died in Kalpi (Uttar Pradesh).
  • Cenotaph: His cenotaph is located in Madalgarh (Bhilwara).

 

Reasons for the Battle of Khanwa and Sanga’s Defeat

• Conflicting Ambitions: Both Sanga and Babur had ambitions of controlling the northern territories.
• Rajput-Afghan Alliance: Sanga had allied with Afghan leaders, which posed a significant threat to Babur’s expansion.
• Sanga’s Conquests: Sanga had already annexed several regions of the Delhi Sultanate, including 200 villages in Khandar (Sawai Madhopur).
• Breach of Promise: Babur accused Sanga of breaking previous agreements.
• Strategic Weaknesses of Sanga:
  • Disunity in the Rajput Army: Sanga’s army lacked cohesion, with different generals leading various segments.
  • Babur’s Artillery: The superior artillery of Babur’s forces proved decisive.
  • Tulguma Battle Tactics: Babur’s strategy of attacking from three sides, known as Tulguma, outmaneuvered the Rajputs.
  • Delay after Bayana: Sanga allowed Babur time to regroup and prepare after the Battle of Bayana.
  • Defections: Some of Sanga’s allies, such as Salahdi Tanwar of Raisin and the Khanzade Muslims of Nagaur, switched allegiance to Babur during the conflict.
  • Equipment Disparity: The Mughal army used horses and lighter weapons, while the Rajput army relied more on elephants and heavier armaments.

 

Importance of the Battle of Khanwa

• Babur’s Control: The victory over the Rajput-Afghan alliance solidified Babur’s position in northern India.
• Rajput Unity: The Battle of Khanwa was the last significant display of unity among the Rajput kings of Rajasthan.
• End of an Era: Maharana Sanga was the last Rajput king to pose a serious challenge to Delhi, and his defeat marked the decline of Rajput influence.
• Impact on Mughal-Rajput Relations: The battle influenced the future policy of the Mughals towards the Rajputs. Later, Akbar would adopt a policy of alliance rather than conflict.

Titles of Maharana Sanga

• Hindupat: Protector of Hindus.
• Remnants of Soldier: Known for having survived 80 wounds.
• Baburnama: According to Baburnama, Sanga’s court comprised 7 kings, 9 Raos, and 104 chieftains/commanders.

Family and Succession

• Bhojraj:
  • Eldest Son of Sanga.
  • Marriage: Married to Meera Bai, the saint-poet known for her devotion to Lord Krishna.
• Ratan Singh:
  • Son of Sanga.
  • Successor: Became the king of Mewar after Sanga’s death.
  • Death: He died in battle while fighting against Surajmal of Bundi.

MAHARANA VIKRAMADITYA (1531-1536 AD)

Family Background

• Father: Maharana Sanga
• Mother: Rani Karmavati, queen of Handi (Bundi).

Guardianship and Early Reign

• Guardian: Karma took on the role of guardian during Vikramaditya’s early years of rule.
• Political Context: During his reign, Mewar faced significant threats, particularly from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.

Bahadur Shah’s Invasions

1. First Invasion (1533 AD):
   • Bahadur Shah of Gujarat invaded Mewar in 1533.
   • To avoid further conflict, Karmavati negotiated a treaty, surrendering the strategic Ranthambore Fort to Bahadur Shah.
2. Second Invasion (1534-1535 AD):
   • Bahadur Shah launched another invasion of Mewar.
   • Facing a dire situation, Karmavati sent a rakhi (a symbolic thread of protection) to Mughal Emperor Humayun, seeking his help as a brother and protector of Mewar. However, Humayun was unable to assist in time, leading to another tragic chapter in Mewar’s history.

 

Second Saka of Chittor (1535 AD)

• Rani Karmavati’s Jauhar: During the second Saka of Chittor, Rani Karmavati performed Jauhar (self-immolation) to protect her honor and that of the women of Chittor from the invading forces.
• Kesariya (Last Stand): Bagh Singh of Devalia (Pratapgarh) led the Kesariya, a last stand of Rajput warriors. His bravery in the battle earned him the title of Devalia Dewan.
• Cenotaph of Bagh Singh: The cenotaph (memorial) of Bagh Singh is located at Padumpol (Chittorgarh).
• Historical Record: The Puram Tamrapatra of 1535 AD provides detailed information about Rani Karmavati’s Jauhar during this devastating event.
• Bagh Singh’s Legacy: Apart from his role in the second Saka, Bagh Singh also participated in the Battle of Khanwa alongside Maharana Sanga against Babur.

 

Downfall of Maharana Vikramaditya

• Administration Under Banveer: Following the turmoil in Mewar, Banveer was appointed as the administrator of Mewar.
• Murder of Vikramaditya: Banveer eventually killed Maharana Vikramaditya in 1536 AD as part of his attempt to seize control of Mewar.
• Threat to Uday Singh: Banveer sought to eliminate Uday Singh, Vikramaditya’s younger brother, to solidify his power. However, Pannadhaya, Uday Singh’s loyal nurse, heroically saved him by sacrificing her own son, Chandan, in his place.
• Refuge at Kumbhalgarh: Asha Devpur of Kumbhalgarh provided refuge to Uday Singh and Pannadhaya, ensuring Uday Singh’s survival and the continuation of Mewar’s royal lineage.

MAHARANA UDAY SINGH (1537-1572 AD)

Family Background

• Father: Rana Sanga
• Mother: Rani Karmavati

 

Major Battles and Political Events

Battle of Mavli (Udaipur) – 1540 AD

• Combatants: Maharana Uday Singh versus Banveer.
• Outcome: Uday Singh defeated Banveer, solidifying his control over Mewar. This victory marked the end of Banveer’s ambitions to rule Mewar, allowing Uday Singh to re-establish his authority over the region.

 

Treaty with Sher Shah Suri (1544 AD)

• Context: On his return from Marwar in 1544, Sher Shah Suri, the ruler of the Sur Empire, turned towards Chittor.
• Treaty: Uday Singh negotiated a treaty with Sher Shah Suri, averting a potential conflict and securing a temporary peace with the powerful ruler.

 

Battle of Harmada (Ajmer) – 1557 AD

• Combatants: Maharana Uday Singh versus Haji Khan Pathan (Ajmer).
• Alliances: Maldev of Jodhpur supported Haji Khan Pathan against Uday Singh.
• Outcome: Uday Singh was defeated in this battle due to Maldev’s support for Haji Khan.
• Cause of Conflict: The rivalry between Maldev and Uday Singh was partly due to a dispute over the Jhala princess of Khairawa (Pali). Maldev desired to marry the princess, but Jait Singh facilitated her marriage to Uday Singh, which escalated tensions between the two rulers.
• Jhali Rani Ka Maliya: Uday Singh built a palace in Kumbhalgarh for the Jhali Rani, known as ‘Jhali Rani Ka Maliya’.

 

Establishment of Udaipur

• Foundation of Udaipur: In 1559, Maharana Uday Singh established the city of Udaipur as the new capital of Mewar, moving away from Chittor after its repeated sieges.
• Paneda Mahal: The first Paneda Mahal was built in Udaipur, becoming the place where subsequent Mewar rulers were crowned.
• Ahad and Moti Mahal: Initially, Uday Singh planned to establish a city at Ahad and even constructed Moti Mahal there. However, on the advice of a monk, he shifted his focus to Udaipur, which eventually became the cultural and administrative center of Mewar.
• Udayasagar Lake: Maharana Uday Singh constructed Udayasagar Lake, contributing to the water management and beauty of the new city.

 

The Siege of Chittor by Akbar (1567-1568 AD)

• Invasion: Akbar invaded Chittor in 1567-68 AD, determined to assert Mughal control over Mewar.
• Retreat to Girwa Hills: Uday Singh retreated to the hills of Girwa (Udaipur), leaving Chittor in the hands of his commanders.
• Defense of Chittor: The responsibility for defending Chittor Fort was given to Jaimal and Patta.
  • Jaimal’s Injury: Jaimal was injured by a gunshot from Akbar, known as Sangram.
  • Heroic Defense: Despite his injury, Jaimal continued to fight, supported by Kalla Rathore, who is revered as the God of Four Hands for carrying Jaimal on his shoulders during the battle.
• Third Saka of Chittor (1568 AD):
  • Jauhar: The third Saka involved Jauhar (mass self-immolation) led by Phool Kanwar, where Rajput women sacrificed themselves to avoid capture.
  • Kesariya (Last Stand): Rajput warriors, under the leadership of Jaimal and Patta, performed the Kesariya (last stand), fighting valiantly against the Mughal forces.
  • Capture of Chittor: Akbar captured Chittor on 25 February 1568, and ordered the massacre of 30,000 people in the fort, demonstrating the severity of the Mughal conquest.
  • Sikka Elchi: After the victory, Akbar introduced the ‘Sikka Elchi’ (coinage) in Chittor as a symbol of Mughal control.
• Recognition of Valor:
  • Statues of Jaimal and Patta: Akbar, impressed by the bravery of Jaimal and Patta, honored their valor by installing their statues at the Agra Fort.
  • French Traveler’s Account: Bernier, a French traveler, describes these sculptures in his book ‘First Post Jim Dunheans Muchaptam’.
  • Junagadh Fort: Idols of Jaimal and Patta are also found in the Junagadh Fort in Bikaner, further commemorating their heroism.

 

Succession and Conflict with Banveer

• Banveer’s Administration: Banveer, who served as the administrator of Mewar, sought to consolidate power after the death of Vikramaditya.
• Assassination Attempt: Banveer tried to eliminate Uday Singh as part of his plan to gain full control over Mewar.
• Sacrifice of Pannadhaya: Pannadhaya, the loyal nurse of Uday Singh, sacrificed her own son Chandan to protect Uday Singh, ensuring his survival and the continuation of Mewar’s royal lineage.
• Refuge at Kumbhalgarh: Uday Singh and Pannadhaya found refuge with Asha Devpur of Kumbhalgarh, allowing Uday Singh to reclaim his rightful place as the Maharana of Mewar.

 

JAIMAL Role: Jaimal was the king of Merta, a significant Rajput state in Rajasthan. Conflict with Akbar: Akbar captured Merta in 1562 AD, as part of his campaign to expand the Mughal Empire in Rajasthan and assert control over Rajput territories. PATTA CHUNDAWAT Position: Patta Chundawat served as the feudatory of Amet, a region in Rajsamand. Amet’s Importance: Amet was considered a first-class thikana (feudal estate) of Mewar, reflecting its strategic and economic significance within the kingdom.

 

PHOOL KANWAR Family Ties: Phool Kanwar was the sister of Jaimal and the queen of Patta Chundawat. Heroic Role: She played a significant role during the Third Saka of Chittor in 1568 AD, when Rani Karmavati led the Jauhar to protect the honor of Rajput women against Akbar’s invasion.

 

Memorials and Cenotaphs

• Jaimal and Kalla Rathore’s Cenotaphs: The chhatris (cenotaphs) of Jaimal and Kalla Rathore are located between Hanuman Pol and Bhairav Pol at Chittor Fort. Kalla Rathore is known for his bravery, supporting Jaimal on the battlefield during Akbar’s siege.
• Patta’s Cenotaph: The cenotaph of Patta Chundawat is situated at Rampol in Chittor, commemorating his valor and sacrifice during the defense of the fort.

Death of Uday Singh

• Date and Place: Maharana Uday Singh died on 28 February 1572 AD in Gogunda (Udaipur) on the festival day of Holi.
• Uday Singh’s Cenotaph: A cenotaph in his memory is constructed in Gogunda, honoring his contributions and leadership during a turbulent period in Mewar’s history.

Succession After Uday Singh

Controversial Succession Decision: Despite the expectations of many, Maharana Uday Singh did not appoint his eldest son, Pratap, as his successor. Instead, he named his younger son, Jagmal, as the king of Mewar. This decision led to internal disputes and dissatisfaction among the Rajput nobles, eventually resulting in Pratap Singh taking the throne, with the support of the Mewar nobility, and becoming the legendary Maharana Pratap.

 

MAHARANA PRATAP (1572-1597 AD)

Family Background

• Father: Maharana Uday Singh
• Mother: Jayvanta Bai Sonagara, daughter of Akhairaj Sonagara of Pali.
• Born: 9 May 1540 AD (Jyeshtha Shukla Tritiya Vikram Samvat 1597)
• Place of Birth: Kumbhalgarh
• Childhood Name: Kika
• Wife: Ajab De Panwar

 

Ascension to the Throne

• First Coronation: Maharana Pratap’s initial coronation took place in Gogunda, performed by Krishnadas Chundavat, the feudal lord of Salumbar.
• Formal Coronation: He was formally crowned at Kumbhalgarh, with Chandrasen of Marwar also present at the ceremony, signifying alliances among Rajput rulers.

 

Diplomatic Efforts by Akbar

Akbar made several attempts to persuade Maharana Pratap to accept Mughal suzerainty by sending four emissaries:

1. Jalal Khan Korchi – September 1572 AD.
2. Mansingh – June 1573 AD.
3. Bhagwant Das – September 1573 AD.
4. Todarmal – December 1573 AD.

Despite these efforts, Pratap remained steadfast in refusing Mughal overlordship, maintaining his commitment to Mewar’s independence.

 

Battle of Haldighati (18 June 1576 AD)

• Location: Haldighati, near Rajsamand.
• Combatants:
  • Maharana Pratap versus Akbar’s forces.
  • Pratap’s Allies:
    • Krishnadas Chundavat of Salumbar.
    • Ramshah Tomar of Gwalior.
    • Hakim Khan Sur (Afghan commander).
    • Punja Bhil, the leader of the Bhils.
  • Mughal Commanders:
    • Mansingh (first time as an independent commander).
    • Asaf Khan.
• Battle Strategy:
  • Before the battle, Mughal forces encamped in Molela, while Pratap’s army was stationed in Losing.
  • Jhala Maan (Bida) took command after Pratap had to leave the battlefield due to his horse, Chetak, being injured. Jhala Maan took up Pratap’s insignia, sacrificing himself to allow Pratap to escape.
  • Mihtar Khan, a Mughal soldier, falsely spread rumors of Akbar’s arrival, affecting the course of the battle.
• Outcome:
  • Though Mansingh failed to secure Pratap’s submission, Pratap had to retreat.
  • Chetak’s Cenotaph is located in Balicha (Rajsamand) in memory of the loyal horse.
  • War Elephants: Ramprasad and Luna fought for Pratap, while Mardana and Gajmukta served the Mughals. Ramprasad was captured and renamed Peeraprasad by Akbar.

Names for the Battle of Haldighati

• Abul Fazal: Battle of Khamnaur
• Badauni: Battle of Gogunda
• Adarshi Lal Srivastava: Battle of Badshah Bagh
• James Tod: Thermopylae of Mewar
• Badauni’s Account: In Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, Badauni notes that the Mughals feared pursuing Pratap in the mountains, wary of ambushes by Pratap’s forces. The Bhils significantly troubled the Mughal forces by looting their supplies.

Importance of the Battle of Haldighati

1. Struggle for Independence: The battle symbolized Mewar’s fight for territorial independence against Mughal imperialism.
2. Inspiration for Mewar: Pratap’s determination, despite limited resources, became a symbol of hope and resilience for the people of Mewar.
3. Nationalistic Sentiments: The war fostered nationalistic feelings among the common people and tribal communities of Mewar.
4. Source of Inspiration: Pratap’s defiance continues to inspire those who value freedom and independence.
5. Impact on Akbar: Pratap’s resilience and the strategic challenges he posed led Akbar to take personal interest in the Mewar campaign and to recognize the strength of Rajput resistance.

Later Conflicts and Developments

• Akbar’s Invasion of Mewar (1576): After Haldighati, Akbar launched further campaigns against Mewar, renaming Udaipur as Muhammadabad.
• Battle of Kumbhalgarh: Shahbaz Khan, a Mughal commander, attacked Kumbhalgarh thrice in 1577, 1578, and 1579.
• Sherpur Incident (1580 AD): Amar Singh, Pratap’s son, captured Begums of Abdul Rahim (Mughal commander), but Pratap sent them back with respect, maintaining Rajput honor.
• Battle of Dewar (Rajsamand) – 1582 AD:
  • Combatants: Pratap versus Mughal forces.
  • Outcome: Pratap defeated the Mughal army, with Amar Singh killing Sultan Khan, a Mughal commander.
  • James Tod referred to this as the Marathon of Mewar.
  • Support: Pratap received support from the princely states of Pratapgarh, Banswara, and Eider.
• Mughal Commander Jagannath Kachwaha’s Invasion (1585 AD): This was Akbar’s last invasion of Mewar. Pratap successfully resisted and even captured Malpura (Tonk) from the princely state of Amer.
• Development Projects:
  • Jhalra Talab and Neelkanth Mahadev Temple: Constructed in Malpura.
  • Capital Shift to Chavand: Pratap made Chavand (Udaipur) his new capital, where he built Chamunda Mata temple and several palaces.
  • Cultural Flourishing: Chavand became a center for Mewar’s independent style of painting, with Nasiruddin as the chief painter.

Death and Legacy

• Death: Maharana Pratap died on 19 January 1597 AD in Chavand.
• Territorial Gains: By the time of his death, Pratap had reclaimed most of Mewar, except Chittorgarh and Mandalgarh, from Mughal control.
• Cenotaph: His cenotaph (chhatri) is located at Bandoli (Udaipur), featuring 8 pillars, symbolizing his enduring legacy.

 

Court Scholars of Maharana Pratap

1. Chakrapani Mishra:

• Notable Works:
  1. Rajya Abhishek: A detailed treatise on the classical method of coronation ceremonies, emphasizing the traditional rituals and procedures for a king’s ascension.
  2. Muhurtamala: A text focused on astrology, guiding auspicious times and practices.
  3. Vishav Vallabh: A significant work on horticulture, reflecting the knowledge and practices related to the cultivation and management of plants.

2. Hemratna Suri:

• Work: Gaura Badal Ri Chapai.
• This work recounts the bravery of Gaura and Badal, who are famous figures in Mewar’s history for their valor and sacrifice.

3. Sadulnath Trivedi:

• Recognition: Maharana Pratap rewarded him with a jagir (land grant) named Mandher.
• Source: This information is found in the Udaipur inscription of 1588 AD.

4. Bhamashah:

• Role: Prime Minister of Mewar under Maharana Pratap.
• Significant Contribution:
  • Along with his brother Tarachand, Bhamashah met Pratap in the village of Chuliya, where he offered 25 lakh rupees in cash and 20,000 gold Asharfiya (coins).
  • This substantial contribution enabled Pratap to maintain an army of 25,000 soldiers for 12 years, allowing him to continue his resistance against the Mughals.
  • Bhamashah is celebrated as the savior of Mewar for his financial support and loyalty during a critical period.

5. Mala Sandu and Rama Sandu:

• Contributions: They were notable figures in Maharana Pratap’s court, playing supportive roles during his reign.

 

PRATAP’S RULE AND GOVERNANCE Jivadhar’s Composition – Amarsar: According to Jivadhar in his work ‘Amarsar’, Maharana Pratap established a rule where even women and children felt secure, unafraid of oppression or harm. This reflects the emphasis Pratap placed on internal security and justice, ensuring that no one was punished without cause. Focus on Education: Maharana Pratap also made efforts to promote education, further showcasing his dedication to the well-being and development of his people.

 

COLONEL TOD’S TRIBUTE TO MAHARANA PRATAP Heroic Legacy: In his writings, Colonel Tod draws a powerful comparison, stating that there is no valley in the Aravalli mountains, much like the Alps, that Maharana Pratap did not sanctify through his heroic deeds, brilliant victories, or noble sacrifices. Historical Comparisons: He refers to Haldighati as the ‘Thermopylae of Mewar’, likening it to the Battle of Thermopylae in ancient Greece, symbolizing courage against overwhelming odds. Battle of Dewar is described as the ‘Marathon of Mewar’, highlighting its importance as a decisive and enduring struggle in the history of Mewar.

MAHARANA AMARSINGH I (1597-1620 AD)

Mughal-Mewar Treaty – 5 February 1615 AD

• Parties Involved: The treaty was signed between Mughal Emperor Jahangir and Maharana Amarsingh I of Mewar.
• Mewar’s Representatives: Haridas and Shubhakaran proposed the treaty on behalf of Mewar.
• Mughal’s Representative: Khurram (later Shah Jahan) represented the Mughals in the treaty negotiations.

Key Conditions of the Treaty

1. Non-Attendance of the Rana: The Rana of Mewar would not be required to attend the Mughal court.
2. Representation by Crown Prince: The crown prince of Mewar would attend the Mughal court instead.
3. Military Support: Mewar would provide 1,000 cavalry soldiers to assist the Mughal army.
4. Restoration of Chittor Fort: The fort of Chittor would be returned to Mewar, but Mewar was not allowed to rebuild its fortifications.
5. No Marital Alliances: The treaty specified that there would be no marital relations between the Mughals and the royal family of Mewar.

Importance of the Treaty

• Decline of Independence Movement: The sense of freedom struggle that had been ongoing since the time of Maharana Sanga and Maharana Pratap came to a decline.
• Peace and Development: The cessation of hostilities brought peace to Mewar, which in turn facilitated the development of art and cultural activities.

Aftermath of the Treaty

• Yuvraj Karan Singh: Karan Singh, the crown prince, went to Jahangir’s court, where he was appointed as a mansabdar of 5,000.
• Recognition in Agra Fort: Jahangir installed the idols of Karan Singh and Amar Singh in the Agra Fort, symbolizing the new relationship between the Mughals and Mewar.
• Sir Thomas Roe’s Observation: According to Sir Thomas Roe, the English ambassador, in his book “The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe” written by William Foster, the treaty with Mewar was achieved through mutual agreement rather than by force, highlighting the respect between the two powers.

Maharana Amarsingh’s Disappointment

• Disillusionment with the Treaty: Amarsingh I felt dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty, perceiving it as a compromise on Mewar’s sovereignty.
• Retreat to Nau Chaki: Following the treaty, Amarsingh I withdrew to Nau Chaki (Rajsamand), a place that later became significant as the site where Rajsamand Lake was constructed.

Shahjahani Mosque Inscription (1637 AD)

The Shahjahani Mosque, located in the Dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, contains an inscription indicating that Prince Khurram built this mosque following the treaty with Mewar, symbolizing the improved relations between the two powers.

Cenotaph of Amarsingh

• Location: Amarsingh’s cenotaph is situated in Ahad (Udaipur).
• Mahasatiyan: After Amarsingh, the cenotaphs of all Mewar’s Maharanas are located in Ahad, which has come to be known as Mahasatiyan.

 

MAHARANA KARAN SINGH (1620-1628 AD)

Architectural Contributions

• Karna Vilas and Dilkhusha Palaces: Built these palaces in Udaipur, showcasing the continued architectural developments in Mewar.
• Jag Mandir Palace: Karan Singh initiated the construction of Jag Mandir Palace on Lake Pichola, which later became a symbol of Mewar’s architectural grandeur.

Shelter to Khurram: Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) stayed in Jag Mandir during his rebellion against his father, Jahangir, highlighting Mewar’s role as a sanctuary during political conflicts.

MAHARANA JAGAT SINGH I (1628-1652 AD)

Completion of Jag Mandir Mahal: Jagat Singh I completed the construction of the Jag Mandir Mahal, making it a prominent structure in Lake Pichola.

Jagdish Temple

• Construction: Built the Jagdish Temple (also known as Jagannath Temple) in Udaipur, often referred to as a temple built in dreams.
• Architectural Style: The temple was constructed in the Panchayatan style by architects Arjuna, Bhana, and Mukand.
• Cultural Reference: The Jagdish Temple contains the Jagannath Rai Prasasti, composed by Krishna Bhatt, which includes details about the Battle of Haldighati.

Vishnu Temple: Naujubai, the foster mother of Jagat Singh, commissioned the construction of a Vishnu Temple in Udaipur, also known as Nauju Bai Temple.

Philanthropy: Jagat Singh I was known for his charity, supporting religious and cultural activities in Mewar.

MAHARANA RAJ SINGH (1652-1680 AD)

Rebuilding Chittor Fort: Raj Singh attempted to rebuild the Chittor Fort and adopted an aggressive stance against Shah Jahan, who intervened by sending Sadullah Khan to halt the construction.

Support to Aurangzeb in Succession Struggle: During the succession struggle, Raj Singh supported Aurangzeb, organizing the Tika Daud and seizing control of several Mughal territories.

Opposition to Jaziya Tax: Raj Singh strongly opposed Aurangzeb’s re-imposition of the Jaziya tax, aligning himself with other Rajput rulers who resisted Mughal policies.

Rathore-Sisodia Alliance: Raj Singh allied with Ajit Singh of Jodhpur, forming the Rathore-Sisodia alliance against Aurangzeb.

Protection of Hindu Culture:

• Preservation of Deities: He protected Hindu deities against Aurangzeb’s iconoclasm.
• Marriage to Princess Charumati: In 1669 AD, Raj Singh married Princess Charumati of Rupangarh (Ajmer) against Aurangzeb’s wishes, showcasing his defiance against Mughal authority.

SAHAL KANWAR Role: She was the Hadi queen of Ratan Singh Chundawat, the feudal lord of Salumbar. Legend of Devotion: As a symbol of her love for her husband, Sahal Kanwar is known for having cut off her own head at his request for a symbol of love. Context of the Incident: This event occurred during the marriage of Raj Singh to Charumati, further adding to the lore and legends surrounding the Rajput ethos. Poem: Meghraj Mukul commemorated this event in his poem ‘Sainani (Nishani)’, capturing the dedication and sacrifice that marked Rajput culture.

 

Cultural Achievements

Temples

1. Shri Nath Temple – Sihad (Nathdwara) (Rajsamand): The idol of Shri Nathji was brought from Mathura to Nathdwara in 1672 AD by Govindas and Damodar. This temple is an important pilgrimage site for devotees of Lord Krishna.
2. Dwarkadhish Temple – Kankroli (Rajsamand): The Dwarkadhish Temple in Kankroli is another prominent Krishna temple in the Rajsamand region, known for its beautiful architecture and spiritual significance.
3. Amba Mata Temple – Udaipur: The Amba Mata Temple in Udaipur is dedicated to Goddess Amba, who is revered as a manifestation of Shakti. It remains a key place of worship in the region.

Lakes

1. Trimukhi Bawdi (Udaipur): Built by Ramras De, the queen of Raj Singh, this lake is also known as Jaya Bawdi. It serves as an important example of water management and architectural beauty in Udaipur.
2. Janasagar Talab (Udaipur): Constructed by Jana De Rathore, the mother of Raj Singh. The Janasagar Prasasti (eulogy) for this lake was written by Lakshminath, the son of Krishna Bhatt, with contributions from Bhaskar Bhatt, his brother.
3. Rajsamand Lake (Rajsamand): This large, beautiful lake is an important landmark in Rajsamand, known for its stunning ghats and scenic surroundings. It was constructed to aid irrigation and water supply.

Court Scholars

1. Kishordas:
   • Book: Raiprakash.
   • A scholar known for his literary contributions to the court of Mewar.
2. Sadashiv Bhatt:
   • Book: Raj Ratnakar.
   • His writings provided insights into Mewar’s history and culture.

 

1. Ranchod Bhatt Telang:
   • Book: Raj Prashasti.
   • He authored Amar Kavya Vanshawali, detailing genealogies and royal histories.
2. Kavi Man:
   • Book: Raj Vilas.
   • His works focused on the heroic tales and cultural heritage of the Mewar royal family.
3. Girdhar Das:
   • Book: Sagat Ras.
   • This book contains information about Pratap’s younger brother, Shakti Singh, highlighting familial relationships and loyalty within the Sisodia dynasty.
4. Kalyan Das:
   • Book: Guna Govind.
   • His work provided spiritual and devotional literature, contributing to the cultural richness of Mewar.

 

RAJ PRASASTI Location: The Raj Prasasti is situated near Rajsamand Lake at a place called Nauchauki. Language: It is the largest inscription in the Sanskrit language, written on 25 stones. Historical Significance: The inscription provides extensive genealogical information from Bapa Rawal to Maharana Raj Singh, covering the dynasty of Mewar’s kings. It details the Mughal-Mewar Pact, specifically referring to the political agreements and treaties between Mewar and the Mughal Empire. Pratap’s Brother, Shakti Singh: The inscription offers insights into Shakti Singh, including his role and contributions during Maharana Pratap’s era. Cultural References: It mentions “Prithviraj Raso”, a famous literary work associated with Prithviraj Chauhan, and describes aspects of the Gurukul system, reflecting the education practices of the time. Rajsamand Lake: The construction of Rajsamand Lake took place from 1662 to 1676 AD as part of famine relief efforts, highlighting the efforts of the Mewar rulers in providing infrastructure during challenging times.

 

AMAR KAVYA VANSHAVALI Focus: The Amar Kavya Vanshavali is a book that provides detailed information about Maharana Amar Singh II. The content includes:  It includes details about Maharana Pratap’s younger brother, Shakti Singh, emphasizing his role in Mewar’s history. It also provides information about Pratap’s horse, Chetak, known for his loyalty and bravery during the Battle of Haldighati.

 

Titles of Raj Singh

1. Vijayakatakatu:
   • Meaning “Conqueror of Armies”, this title reflects Raj Singh’s military achievements and his victories in battles.
2. Hydraulic Ruler:
   • This title signifies Raj Singh’s contributions to water management and infrastructure development, particularly evident through the construction of Rajsamand Lake and other water bodies to alleviate drought conditions in Mewar.

MAHARANA JAISINGH (1680-1698 AD)

Treaty with Aurangzeb

• Maharana Jaisingh established a treaty with Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, leading to the dissolution of the Rathore-Sisodia alliance. This alliance had previously united Mewar and Marwar against Mughal dominance.
• Jaziya Arrangement: As part of the treaty, Jaisingh ceded the Parganas of Mandal and Badnaur to the Mughal Empire as compensation for the Jaziya tax. However, Mewar retained control over these territories.

Construction of Jaisamand Lake

• Initiated in 1687 AD and completed in 1691 AD, Jaisamand Lake, also known as Dhebar Lake, is a significant artificial lake in Udaipur.
• Engineering Feat: The lake was created by constructing a dam that blocked the waters of the Gomti, Jhamri, Ruparail, and Bagar rivers.
• Narmadeshwar Shivalaya: A temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, the Narmadeshwar Shivalaya, is located near Jaisamand Lake.
• Ruthi Rani’s Palace: Jaisingh built palaces by the lake for his Parmar queen, Komla Devi, known as Ruthi Rani’s Palace.
• Islands in the Lake: The lake houses islands named ‘Baba ka Magra’ and ‘Pyari’, adding to the scenic beauty of the area.

MAHARANA AMAR SINGH II (1698-1710 AD)

Amarshahi Turban: Amar Singh II introduced the practice of the Amarshahi Turban in Mewar, a symbol of honor and tradition within the Mewar royal family.

Debari (Udaipur) Agreement – 1708 AD:

• Signatories:
  • Amar Singh II of Mewar
  • Ajit Singh of Marwar (Jodhpur)
  • Sawai Jaisingh of Amer (Jaipur)
• Purpose: This alliance was formed against Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I, seeking greater autonomy for the Rajput kingdoms from Mughal rule.
• Key Terms:
  • Restoration of Kingdoms: Ajit Singh and Sawai Jaisingh would receive support from Amar Singh II in regaining control over their respective kingdoms.
  • Marital Alliance: Amar Singh II’s daughter, Chandra Kanwar, was to be married to Sawai Jaisingh. It was agreed that Chandra Kanwar’s son would be the future king of Amer, strengthening the political alliance between Mewar and Amer.

MAHARANA SANGRAM SINGH II (1710-1734 AD)

Maratha Influence

• Chauth: During Sangram Singh II’s reign, the Marathas began to collect Chauth (a form of tax) from Mewar, marking their increasing influence in Rajasthan. This was the first instance of Maratha intervention in the region.

Architectural Contributions

• Saheliyon ki Baadi: A beautiful garden in Udaipur, built by Sangram Singh II. It was designed for the queen’s maidens (Saheliyon) and features fountains, lotus pools, and marble pavilions, making it a popular tourist attraction today.
• Vaidyanath (Shivji) Temple: Built in 1716 AD at Sisarama (Udaipur) in honor of his mother, Dev Kunwari. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, reflecting Sangram Singh II’s devotion.

Bandanwada War (Ajmer)

• Conflict: The Bandanwada war centered around the territories of Pur, Mandal, and Badnaur.
• Outcome: Sangram Singh II successfully defeated the Mughal commander Ranbaz Khan, reasserting Mewar’s control over the contested areas.
• Vaidyanath Prasasti: The Vaidyanath Prasasti, composed by Roop Bhatt, provides detailed information about this war and Sangram Singh II’s victory.

 

MAHARANA JAGAT SINGH II (1734-1751 AD)

Hurda Conference (Bhilwara) – 17 July 1734 AD

• Purpose: The Hurda Conference was a gathering of Rajput kings of Rajasthan to unite against the rising influence of the Marathas in the region.
• Location: Held in Bhilwara, Rajasthan.
• Role of Maharana Jagat Singh II: Maharana Jagat Singh II of Mewar presided over the conference as the President, indicating Mewar’s leadership in the efforts to resist Maratha dominance.

Participants of the Hurda Conference

1. Mewar – Jagat Singh II (President)
2. Jaipur – Sawai Jai Singh
3. Marwar – Abhay Singh
4. Nagaur – Bakht Singh
5. Bikaner – Zorawar Singh
6. Bundi – Daleel Singh
7. Kota – Durjan Saal
8. Kishangarh – Raj Singh
9. Karauli – Gopal Pal

Decisions of the Hurda Conference

• Mutual Support: All participating Rajput kings agreed to support each other in their resistance against the Marathas.
• Plan for Joint Warfare: It was decided that a unified war against the Marathas would be initiated at Rampura (Kota) after the end of the rainy season, with a coordinated military effort.

 

Importance of the Hurda Conference

• Attempt at Rajput Unity: This conference marked the first major effort by Rajput rulers to come together against a common enemy since the Battle of Khanwa. It symbolized an attempt to re-establish Rajput unity in the face of external threats.
• Failure Due to Internal Differences: Despite the ambitious goals, the Hurda Conference ultimately failed due to personal differences and conflicting interests among the Rajput rulers. This lack of cohesion weakened their collective resistance against the Marathas, allowing the Marathas to continue their expansion into Rajasthan.

Cultural Contribution

• Jagatnivas Palace: Maharana Jagat Singh II constructed the Jagatnivas Palace in Udaipur, an architectural marvel that enhanced the city’s heritage.
• Court Scholar Nekram: Nekram, a scholar in Maharana Jagat Singh II’s court, authored the book Jagat Vilas. This work provides a detailed description of the Jagatnivas Palace, celebrating its architectural splendor and the grandeur of Mewar’s royal legacy.