PEASANT MOVEMENT IN RAJASTHAN

BIJOLIYA PEASANT MOVEMENT IN RAJASTHAN

The Bijoliya Peasant Movement was a significant agrarian revolt in Rajasthan, focusing on the grievances of farmers against oppressive taxation and feudal practices. This movement is often regarded as one of the earliest and most important peasant uprisings in the region, particularly in the state of Mewar, where Bijoliya served as a first-class thikana (an estate or princely holding).

Historical Background of Bijoliya:

• Bijoliya was a prominent jagir (feudal land grant) within the Uparmal region of the Mewar state, situated in present-day Bhilwara district, Rajasthan.
• The jagir was initially governed by the Parmar clan, with its control passing to Ashok Parmar following a decision by the ruler Sanga. Ashok Parmar’s loyalty to Mewar’s cause was demonstrated through his participation in the historic Battle of Khanwa in 1527 AD, a crucial conflict where the forces of Rajput leader Rana Sanga clashed with Mughal emperor Babur.

Reasons for the Bijoliya Peasant Movement

The Bijoliya Peasant Movement was triggered by various exploitative practices and heavy taxation imposed by the feudal lords. Key grievances included:

1. Exorbitant Taxes: Farmers in the Bijoliya region were subjected to 84 types of taxes, which placed a substantial financial burden on the agrarian community. This excessive taxation system forced many farmers into debt and poverty. The taxes were often arbitrary, lacking transparency and consistency, contributing to widespread discontent among the peasants.
2. High Land Revenue: Alongside various specific taxes, the land revenue rates were disproportionately high, making it difficult for farmers to sustain their livelihoods. The revenue demands often exceeded the agricultural yield, pushing many peasants into severe economic distress.
3. Lanta Kunta: This was a local term that referred to a particular form of unjust levy. While the exact nature of Lanta Kunta is unclear, it represented the arbitrary extraction of resources from peasants by the feudal authorities.
4. Chawri Tax:
   • The Chawri tax was a social levy imposed specifically during family events, such as marriages. It demanded a payment from farmers, particularly during the wedding of a daughter.
   • In May 1903, the feudal lord Krishna Singh of Bijoliya formally imposed this tax, requiring a payment of five rupees per instance, adding to the peasants’ financial strain. This tax was especially burdensome for poorer families who struggled to meet these obligations during their daughters’ weddings.
5. Talwar Bandhai (Sword Binding) Tax:
   • The Talwar Bandhai tax was another significant source of contention. This tax was collected from newly appointed or succeeding feudal lords and involved payments to the ruling authority as a fee for confirming the succession of a jagir (estate). It was also perceived as a tribute that emphasized the hierarchical nature of feudal relations.
   • In Mewar, this tax was referred to as Kaid Khalsa Talwar Bandhai and was similar to other forms like Talwars and Nazrana. Meanwhile, in Marwar (Jodhpur region), it was called Hukumnama or Peshkashi. However, in Jaisalmer, the feudal lords did not impose such a tax on the peasants.
   • The imposition of this tax on the general public by Prithvi Singh of Bijoliya in 1906 further heightened the dissatisfaction among the peasantry, as it was seen as an unjust practice.
6. Forced Labor (Begar): Begar, or forced labor, was a deeply oppressive practice where peasants were compelled to provide free labor for feudal lords and the state without any compensation. This practice further exacerbated the economic hardships faced by the peasants, as they were forced to work without pay, taking them away from their primary agricultural activities and diminishing their ability to sustain their families.

Implications of the Movement

The Bijoliya Peasant Movement became a rallying point for peasants across Rajasthan, inspiring other uprisings against similar exploitative practices in neighboring estates and regions. It laid the foundation for later agrarian movements and protests against the feudal system in Rajasthan, marking a significant step towards the liberation of peasants from oppressive feudal controls. The movement also highlighted the need for systemic changes in the relationship between the state, feudal authorities, and the agricultural communities.

By addressing the issues of unfair taxation, high land revenue, and exploitative labor practices, the Bijoliya Peasant Movement became a symbol of resistance and a demand for equitable treatment of peasants within the feudal framework.

Bijoliya became a center of peasant agitation, inspiring subsequent agrarian movements in Rajasthan and beyond. The movement unfolded in three phases, each marked by its unique leadership and challenges.

Phases of the Bijoliya Peasant Movement

First Phase (1897–1915)

• Origins and Leadership:
  • The movement originated in Girdharpur, a village in Bijoliya, and was initiated by farmers belonging to the Dhakad caste. It began as a local agitation but gradually gained momentum as the grievances of the peasants became more pronounced.
  • The initial leadership included local leaders like Premchand Bhil, Fateh Karan Charan, and Brahmadev, who sought to address the grievances of the peasants through peaceful means.
• Role of Sitaram Das:
  • On the advice of Sadhu Sitaram Das, two representatives, Nanji Patel and Thakari Patel, approached Maharana Fateh Singh of Mewar to present the peasants’ complaints and seek relief from oppressive taxation.
  • In response, Maharana Fateh Singh dispatched Hamid, an investigating officer, to look into the farmers’ grievances. However, this investigation did not yield significant relief for the farmers.
• Repression and Expulsion:
  • During this phase, the local leadership faced intense repression. Fateh Karan Charan and Brahmadev were expelled from Bijoliya, and Sitaram Das was removed from his position as a librarian, reflecting the feudal authority’s strict response to any opposition.
  • Despite the lack of immediate success, this phase was characterized by a growing anti-feudal sentiment among the peasants and an increased awareness of their rights, setting the stage for a more organized struggle.

Second Phase (1915–1923)

• Emergence of New Leaders:
  • The second phase saw the entry of influential leaders like Vijay Singh Pathik and Manikya Lal Varma, who brought a more organized and strategic approach to the movement. Their leadership marked a shift from localized resistance to a broader, more structured agitation.
  • Vijay Singh Pathik’s role was particularly pivotal. He founded the Uparmaal Panch Board on Hariyali Amavasya in 1917, in Barisal village, to coordinate the movement. The board aimed to represent the interests of the peasants and organize their efforts against oppressive taxation.
• Formation of Committees and Publications:
  • Pathik also established the Uparmaal Sewa Samiti (Youth Committee) and published a paper called Uparmaal Ka Danka, which helped spread awareness among the farmers and keep the movement alive.
  • The Bindulal Bhattacharya Commission was constituted by Mewar in 1919 to investigate the peasants’ grievances, including members Afzal Ali and Amar Singh. However, the recommendations failed to provide significant relief.
  • Another commission, led by Raj Singh Bedala, Takht Singh Mehta, and Ramakant Malaviya, was formed in 1920, but it too fell short of addressing the core issues of the peasants.
• Agreements and Feudal Rejection:
  • In 1922, a settlement was negotiated with the farmers, involving figures like Robert Holland, K. Wilkins, and Prabhash Chandra Chatterjee (Diwan), along with representatives like Motiram, Narayan Patel, Ramnarayan Chaudhary, and Manikya Lal Verma. This agreement resulted in the waiver of 35 taxes imposed on the peasants.
  • Despite this agreement, the feudal lords of Bijoliya refused to adhere to its terms, leading to continued exploitation and dissatisfaction among the peasantry.

Third Phase (1923–1941)

• Land Settlements and Seizure of Land:
  • During this phase, land settlements were conducted, introducing new tax structures where low taxes were imposed on irrigated lands, but higher taxes were levied on uncultivated lands. This policy further aggravated the economic situation for many peasants.
  • On Vijay Singh Pathik’s advice, the peasants returned their uncultivated lands to the feudal lords. However, the lords retaliated by seizing and selling these lands, causing significant losses to the farmers.
• Role of Jamnalal Bajaj and Gandhi’s Support:
  • By 1927, Vijay Singh Pathik withdrew from active leadership in the movement. Mahatma Gandhi then sent Jamnalal Bajaj to provide leadership, who appointed Haribhau Upadhyay to take charge.
  • In 1941, a settlement was finally reached when Prime Minister V. Raghava Chari and Revenue Minister Mohan Singh Mehta of Mewar signed an agreement with the peasants, allowing them to reclaim their seized lands.
• Support from Prominent Leaders and Media:
  • The Bijoliya movement received support from notable leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who wrote articles in favor of the peasants in his newspaper Maratha and personally appealed to Maharana Fateh Singh.
  • Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi published reports on the movement in his weekly newspaper Pratap from Kanpur, helping the movement gain national attention.
  • Newspapers like Rajasthan Kesari (Wardha), New Rajasthan (Ajmer), Abhyudaya (Prayag), and Bharat Mitra (Calcutta) also covered the movement extensively, bringing it into the national consciousness.

Cultural Influence and National Impact

The Bijoliya Peasant Movement was culturally significant, as it inspired various forms of literature and artistic expressions:

• Munshi Premchand’s novel Rangbhoomi is based on the struggles of the peasants in the Bijoliya movement, reflecting the socio-political context of rural India.
• Manikya Lal Varma composed the song Panchida, which, along with folk songs by Premchand and Bhanwarlal ji, motivated and united the farmers.
• At the Amritsar session of the Indian National Congress in 1919, Tilak proposed support for the movement, backed by Kelkar. However, the proposal faced opposition from Mahatma Gandhi and Madan Mohan Malaviya.
• In 1920, during the Nagpur convention of Congress, farmers like Kaluji, Gokulji, and Nandram ji staged demonstrations depicting the exploitation faced by the peasants, with Gandhi providing moral support to the cause.

Importance and Legacy of the Bijoliya Peasant Movement

• First Organized Peasant Movement: The Bijoliya movement was the first organized peasant movement in Rajasthan, setting a precedent for other agrarian struggles across the region.
• Non-Violent Struggle: It is regarded as the longest non-violent movement in history, lasting 44 years, showcasing the resilience and determination of the peasantry in the face of prolonged oppression.
• Political Awareness: The movement played a crucial role in raising political consciousness among the peasants, aligning their struggle with the broader national freedom movement.
• Inspiration for Future Movements: The Bijoliya movement inspired other regional agitations, including the Bengu farmer movement and the Bundi Peasant Movement, contributing to the spread of anti-feudal and anti-colonial sentiments in Rajasthan.
• Self-Reliance and Participation: One notable aspect of the movement was the refusal of the farmers to accept external donations, which highlighted their self-respect and commitment to their cause. The participation of women and children alongside the farmers further emphasized the inclusive nature of the movement.
• Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution: The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia had an ideological influence on the movement, inspiring the peasants to envision a society free from feudal domination and economic oppression.

The Bijoliya Peasant Movement stands as a testament to the struggle for social justice in Rajasthan, symbolizing the fight against systemic exploitation and contributing to the broader narrative of India’s freedom struggle. It remains a critical chapter in the history of peasant resistance in India.

BENGU (CHITTORGARH) PEASANT MOVEMENT

The Bengu Peasant Movement in the Chittorgarh region of Rajasthan was a significant uprising against the oppressive taxation and exploitative practices of the feudal system during the 1920s. The movement unfolded amidst the larger context of resistance to colonial and feudal authorities in Rajasthan, following the footsteps of the earlier Bijoliya movement. It was marked by the active participation of the Dhakad farmers and saw the involvement of prominent leaders like Vijay Singh Pathik and Ramnarayan Chaudhary.

Origin of the Bengu Peasant Movement

• Bengu as a Thikana: Bengu was recognized as a first-class thikana (estate) of the Mewar state. Its importance in the socio-political structure of Mewar made it a focal point for agrarian resistance.
• Beginning of the Movement (1921):
  • The movement was initiated in 1921 by Dhakad farmers in Bhairukund, a place near Menal (Bhilwara). When the grievances of the farmers intensified, they sought the leadership of Vijay Singh Pathik, a prominent figure in the peasant movements of Rajasthan.
  • Pathik, occupied with other struggles, sent Ramnarayan Chaudhary to lead and support the movement in Bengu.

Key Causes of the Movement

• High Land Revenue Taxes: Farmers were burdened with exorbitant taxes on agricultural lands, leading to severe economic hardship.
• Lanta Kunta: This term likely referred to a specific levy or extractions imposed by feudal authorities, further adding to the financial burden.
• Forced Labor (Begar): The farmers were compelled to provide free labor, which deprived them of time and resources to cultivate their lands.
• 53 Types of Taxes: The multitude of taxes imposed by the estate authorities created an unmanageable burden for the peasants, fueling discontent and leading to widespread resistance.
• Political Changes in Mewar: During this period, the British government took away the direct governance from Maharana Fateh Singh of Mewar, transferring it to Maharaj Kumar Bhupal Singh, which added to the instability and tension between the peasants and the authorities.

Key Events and Developments

• 1922 Agreement and Feudal Rejection:
  • In 1922, Anup Singh of Begu entered into an agreement with the farmers in Ajmer, with the intervention of Vijay Singh Pathik. The agreement sought to address some of the demands of the peasants. However, the Mewar princely state refused to accept this agreement, labeling it a “Bolshevik Agreement” due to its focus on redistributing rights to the farmers.
  • Anup Singh was detained in Udaipur, and Amrit Lal was appointed as the administrator of Begu, signifying the state’s efforts to suppress the movement.
• Govindpura Massacre (13 July 1923):
  • In Govindpura, Trench, the investigating officer sent by the princely state, opened fire on a peaceful gathering of farmers. This brutal act of repression led to the martyrdom of two Dhakad farmers, Rupaji and Kirpaji, marking a turning point in the movement.
  • The massacre highlighted the ruthless suppression tactics employed by the authorities and galvanized further support for the movement.
• Leadership and Role of Media:
  • The movement’s leadership included figures like Ramnarayan Chaudhary and Vijay Singh Pathik. However, Pathik was arrested on 10 September 1923, which dealt a blow to the leadership of the movement.
  • Several newspapers, including Pratap, Rajasthan Kesari, and Tarun Rajasthan, were instrumental in spreading awareness about the movement, despite being banned by the authorities. Tarun Rajasthan notably addressed Maharana Fateh Singh, urging him to reclaim governance and address the farmers’ plight.
  • Maharana Fateh Singh eventually barred the entry of Diwan Prabhash Chandra Chatterjee, reflecting the internal political divisions within Mewar regarding how to handle the farmers’ demands.
• Sites of Atrocities:
  • The farmers faced brutal repression at Chandkhedi (1921) and Mandavari (1922), where they were subjected to torture by feudal forces. These incidents further fueled the farmers’ resolve to resist the injustices.

PEASANT MOVEMENT IN THE KHALSA REGION OF MEWAR

The Khalsa region of Mewar witnessed a parallel peasant movement led by Jat farmers. This movement shared similarities with the Bengu uprising, particularly in its demands and methods of resistance.

• April 1921 Gathering in Udaipur:
  • In April 1921, farmers gathered in Udaipur to present their demands, which included the reduction of land taxes, elimination of unjust costs, and cessation of forced labor (begar).
  • They warned that if their demands were not met, they would cease cultivating their lands, demonstrating their willingness to use non-cooperation as a tool of resistance.
• Podoli Conference (December 1921):
  • The Podoli Conference brought together representatives from the Rajasthan Seva Sangh and the farmers’ caste panchayats. Kanhaiya Lal Kalantri, a minister from the Rajputana Central India Sabha, also attended.
  • The conference decided to organize a movement similar to the Bijoliya struggle, planning to hold the next gathering at Matri Kundis.
• Matri Kundis Conference (May 1922):
  • This conference focused on two key issues:
    1. Reduction of taxes and abolition of the Begar system.
    2. Compensation for the loss farmers suffered due to restrictions on opium cultivation.
  • The movement’s impact extended to the Bijoliya struggle, as the state made certain concessions to the Khalsa region’s farmers, hoping to prevent them from joining the broader peasant agitation.

BUNDI PEASANT MOVEMENT / BARAD KISAN ANDOLAN

The Bundi Peasant Movement, also known as the Barad Kisan Andolan, emerged in response to the exploitative practices of the Bundi princely state. This movement shared many commonalities with other peasant uprisings in Rajasthan, as it was rooted in grievances over excessive taxation and labor exploitation.

Key Causes of the Bundi Peasant Movement

• 25 Types of Taxes: A wide range of taxes imposed on the peasantry created a heavy financial burden.
• High Land Revenue: The elevated land revenue rates were unsustainable for the farmers, contributing to their economic distress.
• War Tax: Additional taxes were levied in the name of war, despite the lack of direct benefits to the local population.
• Corruption: Corrupt practices by local officials further exacerbated the problems faced by the farmers.
• Forced Labor (Begar): The forced labor system continued to deprive the farmers of their time and resources.
• Lanta Kunta: This specific levy added another layer of exploitation.

Key Events and Developments

• Establishment of Dabi Kisan Panchayat (1920):
  • Sadhu Sitaram Das established the Dabi (Bundi) Kisan Panchayat in 1920, appointing Harla Bhadak as its president. Kisan Panchayats were also set up in Dabi, Barad, Barungan, and Garadda.
  • The farmers organized themselves, boycotting government courts and reclaiming lands that had been used as state grazing land.
• Dabi Murder Case (2 April 1923):
  • In this incident, Police officer Ikram Hussain opened fire on a gathering of farmers, resulting in the death of Nanak Ji Bhil and Devi Lal Gurjar. Nanak Ji Bhil was singing a Jhanda song when he was martyred.
  • Manikya Lal Varma later composed a song called Arji in memory of Nanak Ji, which became a symbol of resistance.
• Investigation and Criticism:
  • The Rajasthan Seva Sangh sent Ramnarayan Chaudhary and Satya Bhakta to investigate the atrocities, and their report led to widespread criticism of the Bundi state.
  • In response, Bundi established a commission led by Prithvi Singh, Rampratap, and Bhairo Lal to look into the incidents, but the findings were largely dismissed.
• Leadership and Later Developments:
  • The movement was led by figures like Vidhi Nayanuram Sharma, Narayan Singh, and Bhanwar Lal Sunar.
  • Though the Bundi Kisan Movement initially subsided in 1927 due to the dissolution of the Rajasthan Seva Sangh, it resurfaced in 1936 as the farmers continued their struggle against war taxes, grazing taxes, and the occupation of grazing lands.

Significance of the Peasant Movements

• The Bengu and Bundi peasant movements, along with the Khalsa region’s resistance, played a crucial role in the broader struggle against feudal oppression in Rajasthan. These movements:
  • Enhanced political consciousness among the peasantry, fostering a sense of solidarity and resilience.
  • Highlighted the demand for land rights and fair taxation, laying the groundwork for subsequent agrarian reforms.
  • Inspired non-violent resistance, drawing support from the national freedom struggle and contributing to the fight against colonialism and feudalism.

These movements marked a significant chapter in Rajasthan’s history, embodying the spirit of resistance against systemic exploitation and serving as a testament to the enduring quest for social justice.

HINDOLI CONFERENCE (5 OCTOBER 1936)

Background and Participation:

• The Hindoli Conference took place at the Hoodeshwar Mahadev temple and saw the participation of 500 Gurjar and Meena farmers from 90 villages in the region. The gathering highlighted the collective grievances of the farmers and their demands for reforms.
• The conference led to the acceptance of many demands by the government, reflecting a temporary shift towards addressing farmers’ concerns.

Social Reforms:

• During the second phase of the Bundi Peasant Movement, the farmers also focused on social reforms, aiming to address both social and economic issues within their communities.

Limitations of the Bundi Peasant Movement:

• Despite its local impact, the Bundi Peasant Movement could not achieve the same level of success as the Bijoliya and Begu movements. This was largely because the movement remained confined to the Gurjar caste, lacking broader community support.
• It also suffered from weak leadership and did not receive significant backing from external organizations like the Rajasthan Seva Sangh, which limited its reach and effectiveness.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEWAR AND BUNDI FARMERS’ MOVEMENTS

ALWAR PEASANT MOVEMENT

In Alwar, 80% of the land was Khalsa land (directly administered by the state), while 20% was Jagir land (feudal estates). The Neemuchna Peasant Movement and the Mev Peasant Movement were prominent uprisings in the Khalsa regions of Alwar.

NEEMUCHNA PEASANT MOVEMENT

The movement arose due to a land settlement conducted by N.L. Tikko in 1924, which led to a 40% increase in land revenue and the revocation of certain privileges previously enjoyed by Rajput and Brahmin farmers.

The movement took place in the Bansur and Thanagaji areas, where the farmers, mainly from Rajput backgrounds, voiced their discontent.

Leadership

• Key leaders of the movement included Madho Singh, Govind Singh, Amar Singh, and Ganga Singh, who sought to address the grievances of the farming community.
• The farmers attended the All India Kshatriya Mahasabha, where they published a pamphlet titled Pukar to highlight their issues.

Major Demands

The peasants’ primary demands included:

• Reduction in land revenue.
• Abolition of the grazing tax.
• End to forced labor.
• Abolition of the confiscation of pardoned land.
• Reduction in reserve areas and permission to hunt wild boars that damaged crops.

Maharaja’s Response:

Despite repeated appeals, Maharaja Jai Singh did not respond positively to the farmers’ demands. On May 6, 1924, he banned the gathering of farmers and restricted their right to carry weapons.

Neemuchna Massacre (14 May 1925 AD)

• The situation escalated when Chhaju Singh, a police officer, opened fire on a gathering of farmers, resulting in the death of 156 farmers, with a significant number of Rajput farmers among the victims.
• This incident, known as the Neemuchna Massacre, drew widespread condemnation. Mahatma Gandhi referred to it as “dual Dyerism” in his publication Lavandah Padakapam, likening it to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• Newspapers like Riyasat (Delhi) and Tarun Rajasthan highlighted the atrocity, bringing it to national attention.

Inquiry and Compensation

• The Rajasthan Seva Sangh set up an inquiry committee with members like Kanhaiya Lal Kalantri, Haribhai Kinkar, and Laduram Joshi. At the national level, Manilal Kothari chaired a committee with Ramnarayan Chaudhary as the secretary.
• An inquiry commission formed by the Maharaja of Alwar included Chhajusinh, Ramcharan, and Sultan Singh. Following the commission’s recommendations, an agreement was reached on 18 November 1925, which:
  • Restored the old land settlement.
  • Released the arrested leaders.
  • Provided compensation of Rs. 128 to the affected families.

MEV FARMERS’ MOVEMENT

The Mev community, predominantly located in Tijara, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh, and Kishangarh in Alwar, also organized a peasant movement. They were supported by Mev populations in nearby Bharatpur and Gurgaon.

Major Demands

• The Mev farmers demanded:
  • Reduction in land revenue during times of famine.
  • Reduction in import-export taxes.
  • Abolition of forced labor.
  • Compensation for lands that had been confiscated for public projects.
  • Permission to hunt wild boars to protect their crops.

Leadership and Role of Organizations: The movement was led by figures like Yasin Khan, Syed Bhik Narang, and Mohammad Ali. They were supported by organizations such as Anjuman Khadim ul Islam and Jamiat Tablig Ul Islam.

These associations introduced religious demands into the movement, such as:

• Removing mosques from government control.
• Promotion of Urdu.
• Increased Muslim representation in administrative roles.

Boycott of Inquiry Commission: An inquiry commission was set up by the Maharaja of Alwar under Durjan Singh, Gajanafar Ali, and Ganeshi Lal. However, the Mev farmers, following Yasin Khan’s guidance, chose to boycott the commission.

Escalation to Communal Violence:

• The movement took a communal turn when the peasants attacked the Nazim of Kishangarh. Subsequent communal riots broke out in Tijara, leading to further tensions.
• In response, the British authorities removed Maharaja Jai Singh from power, appointing a Special Officer for the Mewat region. This officer oversaw reduction in revenue, adjustments to import-export taxes, and the relaxation of some restrictions to pacify the region.

Significance of the Peasant Movements in Rajasthan

The various peasant movements in Rajasthan, including those in Bengu, Bundi, Alwar, and the Khalsa region of Mewar, were characterized by their resistance to oppressive taxation, forced labor, and feudal exploitation. They shared some commonalities, such as the demand for reduction in land taxes and abolition of forced labor, but each movement had its unique context and challenges. These uprisings laid the foundation for increased political awareness among farmers, solidarity across different regions, and contributed to the larger national freedom struggle. Despite varying levels of success, they collectively underscored the determination of Rajasthan’s peasantry to fight for their rights and dignity.

SHEKHAWATI / SIKAR PEASANT MOVEMENT

The Shekhawati Peasant Movement emerged in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, comprising the areas of Sikar and Panchpane (Nawalgarh, Dundlod, Mandawa, Bissau, Malsisar). The movement was directed against the Shekhawat branch of the Kachwaha dynasty, which ruled the semi-autonomous thikanas (feudal estates) in the region. The movement became a significant symbol of resistance against feudal oppression, exploitation, and unjust taxation practices imposed on the farming community.

Causes of the Shekhawati Peasant Movement

The movement began due to various forms of economic exploitation and social injustices that the farmers faced, including:

1. High Land Revenue with No Concessions During Famine: The farmers faced unreasonably high land revenue demands, and there was no reduction or relief during periods of famine. This lack of support during difficult times caused severe hardships for the agrarian community.
2. Lanta-Kunta Tax: This was an additional levy imposed on the farmers, contributing to their economic burden.
3. Manipulation of Land Measurements (Jarib): During the settlement of land, the Jarib (a unit for measuring land) was reduced by half, which effectively doubled the number of bighas (a local measurement of land). As a result, the farmers had to pay more land revenue than what was initially agreed upon.
4. Increased Revenue Per Bigha: The revenue rates per 2 bigha of land were increased, making it difficult for farmers to sustain their agricultural activities.
5. Jakhat Tax: This was another form of tax imposed on the farmers, which added to their financial strain.
6. Forced Labor (Begar): The practice of begar or forced labor required farmers to work without pay, taking them away from their own agricultural activities.
7. Caste Discrimination: The social fabric of the region was characterized by caste-based discrimination, which further marginalized certain communities within the farming population.
8. Equal Taxation on Unirrigated and Irrigated Lands: Unirrigated lands, which yielded less crop due to lack of water, were taxed at the same rate as irrigated lands, leading to an unjust financial burden on farmers with less productive land.

Key Events and Leadership of the Movement

• Leadership and Early Actions (1922 AD): The movement in Sikar started in 1922 under the leadership of Ramnarayan Chaudhary and Hari Brahmachari. They played a key role in organizing the peasantry against the feudal lords of Sikar.

Due to his role in leading the resistance, Ramnarayan Chaudhary faced restrictions, including a ban on his entry into Sikar and the prohibition of the publication Tarun Rajasthan in the region.

• International Attention: The peasant movement in Shekhawati gained attention on an international level when Pathic Lawrence raised the issue in Britain’s House of Commons. Additionally, the Daily Herald of London published reports on the movement, bringing global awareness to the plight of the Shekhawati farmers.
• Thakur Deshraj’s Leadership (1931 AD): In 1931, Thakur Deshraj, a farmer leader from Bharatpur, assumed leadership of the movement. He helped to organize the farmers under the Rajasthan Jat Regional General Assembly, which played a crucial role in coordinating the protests.

The first session of this assembly was held in 1933 in Palathana village (Sikar), providing a platform for farmers to voice their grievances and plan collective action.

Major Events and Agreements

• Jat Prajapati Mahayagya (20 January 1934 AD):
  • Organized by Thakur Deshraj on Basant Panchami, this event was a symbolic gathering of farmers aimed at seeking divine blessings for their cause.
  • Khemraj Sharma served as the Purohit (priest), and Kunwar Hukum Singh was the Yagyaman (chief host).
• Katrathal Conference (25 April 1934 AD):
  • This conference was a response to the misbehavior of the feudal lord Mansingh of Sihoth with women in the village of Sothiya ka Bas.
  • It was attended by over 10,000 women, with Kishori Devi as the Chairperson and Uttama Devi playing a prominent role. The participation of women in such large numbers was a significant aspect of the movement, highlighting the widespread discontent among all sections of society.
• Kudan Massacre (25 April 1935 AD):
  • At the advice of Dhapi Devi, the farmers decided to refuse payment of taxes. This act of defiance led to a tragic event known as the Kudan Massacre.
  • Captain Webb ordered the firing on a gathering of farmers, resulting in the deaths of several farmers, including Chetram, Tulacharam, Tikuram, and Aasharam.
  • The incident was widely condemned and even discussed in the House of Commons in Britain, where it was compared to other infamous instances of state violence.

• Jai Singh Pura Murder Case (21 June 1934):
  • This incident in Jhunjhunu district marked the first instance where the murderers of farmers were legally punished, setting a precedent for accountability in cases of violence against peasants.
• Agreement of 1935 and Resumption of Protests:
  • On March 15, 1935, due to efforts by Sir Choturam Chaudhary and Ratan Singh, an agreement was reached between the feudal lords and the farmers. However, tensions remained, and the movement resumed in 1938, with support from the Jaipur Prajamandal.
  • By 1947, Chief Minister Hiralal Shastri and Revenue Minister Tikaram Paliwal of the responsible government of Jaipur entered into an agreement with the farmers, leading to a resolution of many of their demands.

Prominent Leaders and Their Contributions

• Sardar Harlal Singh: Born in 1901 in Hanumanpura village (Jhunjhunu district), he established Vidyarthi Bhavan in Jhunjhunu, which served as a base for the peasant movement. Due to his leadership skills, he earned the title of Sardar from his followers.
• Master Pyarelal Gupta: Known as the Gandhi of Chidawa, he founded the Amar Seva Samiti in Chidawa, which played a vital role in raising awareness about famine relief operations and feudal exploitation. He was actively involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Narottam Lal Joshi: He initiated the Shekhawati Zakat Movement, focusing on social reforms alongside the broader struggle for farmers’ rights.
• Other Key Leaders: The movement was also supported by leaders like Netram Singh Gouri, Pages Singh Batdanau, Master Chandrabhan Singh, Prithvi Singh Gothada, Harusingha Palthana, Gaurasingh Katrathal, Ishwar Singh Bhairoopura, and Lekharam Kaswali.

Significance of the Shekhawati Peasant Movement

• Widespread Participation: The Shekhawati movement was notable for its broad participation, including women and marginalized communities like the Jats, Gurjars, and Meenas. This inclusivity helped to strengthen the movement and increase its impact.
• Cultural and Religious Symbolism: Events like the Jat Prajapati Mahayagya emphasized the cultural unity of the farmers and their moral commitment to the struggle. The use of religious rituals also helped to legitimize the movement in the eyes of the broader rural population.
• Impact on Colonial Policies: The movement’s international visibility, with coverage in British media and discussions in the House of Commons, increased pressure on colonial authorities and highlighted the exploitative nature of the feudal system in Rajasthan.
• Model for Future Agitations: The Shekhawati Peasant Movement served as an inspiration for other agrarian struggles in Rajasthan and India, showcasing the importance of organized resistance and collective action in achieving social and economic justice.

The Shekhawati Peasant Movement remains a significant chapter in Rajasthan’s history, exemplifying the fight for justice, dignity, and economic fairness in the face of systemic exploitation. It played a crucial role in the broader narrative of India’s struggle for independence, linking local grievances with the national movement for self-determination.

REASONS, CHARACTERISTICS, AND EFFECTS OF THE PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN RAJASTHAN

Reasons for the Peasant Movements in Rajasthan

The peasant movements in Rajasthan were driven by a combination of social, economic, and political factors, which collectively led to widespread dissatisfaction among farmers. The influence of the Indian national movement played a role in raising political awareness among farmers, but there were also unique regional conditions that directly impacted the agrarian community in Rajasthan:

1. Neglect by the Rulers under British Influence: Under British colonial influence, rulers of Rajasthan’s princely states and Jagirdars (feudal lords) became increasingly dependent on British power and neglected their responsibilities towards their subjects. This dependency led to a breakdown in the traditional relationship between rulers, Jagirdars, and farmers, as rulers relied on the British for their authority, and Jagirdars sought to extract more from the farmers to maintain their own status.
2. Increase in Revenue and Forced Labor (Begar): Along with the increased land revenue, there was a significant rise in forced labor (begar) and the imposition of various taxes on farmers. In some states, the number of taxes imposed on the peasantry reached up to 300, making it almost impossible for farmers to sustain themselves.
3. Dependence on Metal Currency: The Jagirdars and feudal lords increasingly relied on metal currency due to the British influence and the adoption of a luxurious lifestyle. This change required them to meet new expenses, which they passed onto the farmers. The conversion of traditional bartering systems (chakri) to cash payments (rokad) further strained the economic situation of the farmers. The introduction of British administrative practices shifted the feudal lords’ approach from paternalistic to a more exploitative system.
4. Displacement to Agriculture Due to Colonial Policies: British colonial policies led to the displacement of people from other occupations into agriculture, swelling the number of agricultural laborers. As the number of available laborers increased, Jagirdars adopted a more exploitative attitude towards the farmers, worsening the conditions for the agrarian community.
5. Fluctuations in Agricultural Prices: Changes in agricultural prices—both increases and decreases—did not benefit the farmers. When prices dropped, the value of their savings diminished, while during price hikes, they could not reap the benefits because Jagirdars demanded rent in kind (commodities) rather than cash, leaving the farmers with little to no profit.
6. Losses from Opium Cultivation: Many farmers in Rajasthan were engaged in opium cultivation, which had been promoted during colonial times. Over time, however, the market for opium shrank, causing significant losses for farmers and depleting their cash income.
7. Lagaan in Khalsa Areas: In Khalsa areas (directly controlled by the state), land revenue (lagaan) was collected in cash, which pushed the farmers into debt traps with moneylenders. This led to a cycle of debt and dependency, further exacerbating their economic struggles.
8. Unsettled Land and Crop-based Revenue in Jagiri Areas: In the Jagiri areas, land settlements were not properly conducted, and revenue was collected as a share of the crop yield. Farmers in these regions were also dependent on Jagirdars for justice, making their condition especially dire and subjecting them to arbitrary exploitation.
9. Increase in Various Taxes: The increase in Chanwari tax (tax on daughters’ marriages), Talwar Bandhai Kar (succession fees), Zakat, and the abolition of privileges for Rajput and Brahmin farmers all contributed to the unrest. The Saad system—a traditional system of extractions—also became a point of contention, fueling various peasant movements across Rajasthan.

Characteristics of Peasant Movements in Rajasthan

The peasant movements in Rajasthan displayed several distinctive features that shaped their development and outcomes:

1. Focus on Jagiri Areas: Most of the movements occurred in Jagiri areas, where farmers faced high land rents, forced levies (laag-baag), and arbitrary practices. The Jagirdars wielded significant power, and the rulers of princely states had minimal interference, leaving the farmers with little hope for redress. As a result, the peasants often resorted to organized resistance through movements.
2. Non-Violent Nature: The peasant movements in Rajasthan were primarily non-violent, inspired by the ethos of the Indian national movement. An exception was the Mev movement of Alwar, which turned violent due to extreme repression.
3. Opposition to Social Inequality: Alongside economic grievances, the peasants also opposed social inequalities entrenched in the feudal system, aiming for a more just and egalitarian society.
4. Support from Prajamandal: Organizations like the Prajamandal supported the peasant movements, contributing to the development of political consciousness among the farmers and aligning their struggles with the larger freedom movement.
5. Leadership from Outside Rajasthan: Notably, many of the movements were led by leaders from outside Rajasthan, such as Vijay Singh Pathik, Haribhau Upadhyay, and Yasin Khan, who played a crucial role in organizing and guiding the protests.
6. Caste-Based Panchayats: The movements were often organized through caste-based panchayats, which played a central role in planning and executing the resistance. Decisions made by these panchayats were binding on all members, as non-compliance could result in caste boycott, adding social pressure to maintain unity.
7. Role of the Capitalist Class: The capitalist class, represented by figures like Jamnalal Bajaj and Ramnarayan Chaudhary, played a supportive role in the peasant movements, providing resources and organizational backing.
8. Influence of Arya Samaj: The Arya Samaj, a social reform movement, contributed significantly to the success of peasant movements in regions like Bikaner and Shekhawati by promoting social reforms and challenging feudal norms.
9. Active Participation of Women: The active involvement of women in the peasant movements was notable, as both men and women were engaged in agricultural activities. This led to significant participation of women in protests and conferences, making these movements more inclusive.
10. Support from Newspapers and Political Organizations: Various newspapers and political organizations played a critical role in raising awareness about the peasant struggles. The dissemination of news through regional and national publications helped to mobilize support and bring attention to the farmers’ plight.

Effects of the Peasant Movements

The peasant movements in Rajasthan had a profound impact on the region’s socio-economic and political landscape, contributing to lasting changes:

1. Abolition of Jagirdari System: One of the most significant outcomes was the elimination of the Jagirdari system in Rajasthan. After India’s independence, the Rajasthan state was formed, leading to the passage of the Jagir Abolition Act, which dismantled the centuries-old feudal system. Subsequent land reform laws improved the social and economic conditions of the peasantry, fostering a more equitable land ownership structure.
2. Growth of Urban Nationalism: The main centers of the peasant movements were often small towns, which became hubs of urban nationalism. The movements fostered a sense of regional identity and political consciousness in these areas, strengthening the broader independence struggle.
3. Empowerment of Women: The active participation of women in the peasant movements played a role in their empowerment. It encouraged greater recognition of women’s contributions to social and political causes, helping to challenge traditional gender roles in rural Rajasthan.
4. Integration with National Movement: The interest and involvement of national leaders in the peasant struggles facilitated the integration of the princely state peasants with the Indian national movement. This integration helped to strengthen national unity and brought the concerns of rural Rajasthan to the attention of the national leadership.
5. Promotion of Freedom of Expression: The publication of newspapers and books during the peasant movements played a crucial role in promoting freedom of expression. These publications provided a platform for discussing agrarian issues and political grievances, contributing to the intellectual and political discourse of the time.

The peasant movements in Rajasthan served as a critical catalyst for social and economic reforms, breaking down feudal structures and empowering the farming community. Their legacy is reflected in the increased political consciousness of the peasantry and the enduring impact on Rajasthan’s social fabric and agricultural reforms in the post-independence era.