POLITICAL PUBLIC AWARENESS IN RAJASTHAN

RAJPUTANA MADHYA BHARAT SABHA

Established: 1918 AD

Founders: Jamnalal Bajaj, Vijay Singh Pathik, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Chandkaran Sharda, Girdhar Sharma, Swami Narasimhadeva Saraswati.

Location: Marwadi Library, Chandni Chowk (Delhi)

Objective

• Generating Political Awakening: Aimed to spread political consciousness and awareness among the people living in the princely states of Rajasthan.
• Establishing Responsible Governance: Focused on advocating for responsible governance within the princely states, which were traditionally ruled by monarchs with little accountability to their subjects.
• Encouraging Congress Membership: Worked towards increasing the number of Congress members in Rajasthan, aligning the political movement in the region with the national freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress.

• Headquarters: Ajmer

Sessions of the Rajputana Madhya Bharat Sabha

• First Session: Held in Delhi, December 1918, chaired by Girdhar Sharma.
• Second Session: Convened in Amritsar in December 1919 alongside the Congress session, strengthening the link between the Sabha and the broader national movement.
• Third Session: Took place in Ajmer in March 1920 under the leadership of Jamnalal Bajaj.
• Fourth Session: Organized in Nagpur in December 1920, coinciding with the session of the Indian National Congress. Narsingh Chintamani Kelkar was elected president but could not attend, so Ganeshnarayan Somani from Jaipur chaired the session. The session featured an exhibition highlighting the dire conditions faced by farmers in Rajasthan, bringing national attention to their struggles. At this point, the Sabha was considered a subsidiary body of the Congress.
• Influence on Congress: The issues and concerns of the people of Rajasthan reached the Congress leadership through the Sabha’s efforts. As a result, Congress passed a resolution urging the rulers of Rajasthan to include the public in governance.

RAJASTHAN SEVA SANGH

Established: 1919 AD, founded in Wardha with key contributions from Vijay Singh Pathik, Ramnarayan Chaudhary, and Haribhai Kinkar.

Objective

• Addressing People’s Problems: Focused on addressing the social, economic, and political issues faced by the common people in Rajasthan.
• Improving Relations: Aimed to foster better relationships between the feudal lords and kings of Rajasthan and their subjects to ensure more harmonious governance.

Headquarters: Ajmer, established in 1920 AD.

Role in Movements: The Rajasthan Seva Sangh played a pivotal role in guiding key movements:

• Peasant Movement in Bijolia and Begun: Supported the agrarian struggles in these areas, where peasants protested against oppressive land revenue demands and exploitation by the feudal lords.
• Bhil Movement in Sirohi and Udaipur: Actively supported tribal movements, focusing on the rights and upliftment of the Bhil community.
• Criticism of Police Atrocities: Exposed and criticized the police’s violent actions against people in Bundi, Sirohi, and Udaipur, highlighting the state’s oppressive policies.

Decline: Following the imprisonment of Vijay Singh Pathik by the Mewar State Government, internal differences between the officials and members of the Seva Sangh emerged. These conflicts led to a gradual decline, and by 1928-29, the Rajasthan Seva Sangh had become ineffective.

ALL INDIA PRINCELY STATES PEOPLES’ CONFERENCE

Formation

• 1922 Meeting in Poona: Representatives of Indian states met to discuss forming a central organization to unify the efforts of political activists from various princely states.
• 1926 Temporary Committee: A temporary committee was formed to plan for a national conference.
• Established: Officially constituted in Bombay on 17-18 December 1927 AD, with its office located in Bombay.

Objective

• Establishing Responsible Governance: Advocated for creating responsible governance structures within princely states under the leadership of their rulers.
• Securing Fundamental Rights: Sought to ensure that the residents of the princely states enjoyed basic civil rights, similar to those demanded by citizens in British-ruled territories.
• Independent Judiciary: Emphasized the need for independent courts in princely states to ensure fair and unbiased legal proceedings.

Leadership

• President: Dewan Ramchandra Rao
• Vice President: Vijay Singh Pathik
• Secretary (Rajputana and Central India): Ramnarayan Chaudhary

Congress Support and Resolution:

• 1928 Calcutta Session: Congress passed a resolution urging the princely rulers to establish responsible government and grant civil rights to their people, marking a significant shift in its approach to the princely states.
• Change in Congress Constitution: In 1928, the Congress amended its constitution to remove a provision that previously barred it from intervening in the internal affairs of the princely states, reflecting a more proactive stance.

Rajputana Princely State People’s Conference:

• Established: 1928 AD.
• Significant Session: Held in Ajmer in 1931 AD under the leadership of Ramnarayan Chaudhary, focusing on pressing issues in the princely states and rallying support for political reforms.

Congress and the Prajamandal Movement:

• Support in 1938 Haripura Session: The Congress extended its support to the Prajamandal movement, which sought greater political rights and democratic representation within the princely states of Rajasthan. This alliance helped unify efforts to challenge autocratic rule and advance the cause of political participation in Rajasthan.

JAIPUR PRAJAMANDAL (1931)

Founders: Karpoorchand Patni and Jamnalal Bajaj.

Reorganization in 1936: Jamnalal Bajaj played a pivotal role in reorganizing the Prajamandal, appointing Chiranjilal Mishra as president and Hiralal Shastri as a minister, reinforcing its organizational structure and influence.

First Session of Jaipur Prajamandal

• Date & Location: Held on 8-9 May 1938, chaired by Jamnalal Bajaj at Natmal Ka Katla in Jaipur.
• Support from Shekhawati Kisan Sabha: Under the guidance of Hiralal Shastri, the leaders of the Shekhawati Kisan Sabha extended their support to the Prajamandal, uniting various regional efforts for a common cause.
• Women’s Gathering: On 10 May 1938, Kasturba Gandhi addressed a gathering of women in Jaipur, emphasizing the role of women in the independence movement and the importance of their participation in political activism.

Ban and Satyagraha Movement (1939)

• Ban by the Jaipur Princely State: In 1939, the Jaipur princely state banned the activities of the Jaipur Prajamandal, and Jamnalal Bajaj was arrested. This action triggered a Satyagraha (non-violent resistance) movement led by Prajamandal activists, during which many women participated and faced arrests.

Quit India Movement and Azad Morcha (1942)

• Quit India Movement (8 August 1942): Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Quit India Movement, calling for an end to British rule in India. However, Hiralal Shastri, the president of the Jaipur Prajamandal, did not support participation in the movement.
• Formation of Azad Morcha: Disillusioned members of the Prajamandal, led by Baba Harishchandra, formed the “Azad Morcha” to join the Quit India Movement. Other key members included Ramkaran Joshi, Daulatmal Bhandari, and Gulabchand Kasliwal, with the office of Azad Morcha set up at Gulabchand Kasliwal’s house.
• Reunion with Prajamandal (1945): Upon Jawaharlal Nehru’s advice, the Azad Morcha merged back into the Jaipur Prajamandal, unifying their efforts towards political change.

Gentlemen’s Agreement (17 September 1942 AD)

• Parties Involved: Mirza Ismail (Chancellor of Jaipur) and Hiralal Shastri (President of Prajamandal).
• Key Provisions:
  1. No Support to the British: The Jaipur princely state would refrain from aiding the British during the Quit India Movement.
  2. Establishment of Responsible Government: A promise to introduce responsible governance in the princely state of Jaipur.
  3. Freedom for Peaceful Protests: The Jaipur Prajamandal was granted the right to hold peaceful processions and demonstrations.
  4. No Arrests for Shelter: The princely state agreed not to arrest individuals rebelling against British rule, and the Prajamandal was permitted to provide them asylum.
  5. Non-Participation in Quit India Movement: In return, the Jaipur Prajamandal agreed not to actively participate in the Quit India Movement.
• Committee for Responsible Governance: Following this agreement, the Jaipur princely state formed a committee to draft a framework for responsible governance. The committee presented its recommendations in 1943, leading to the election of a “Dhara Sabha.”

Establishment of the Dhara Sabha (1943)

• Structure:
  • Two Houses: The legislative body comprised the House of Representatives (125 members) and the Assembly (51 members).
  • Prajamandal’s Representation: The Prajamandal secured 27 seats in the House of Representatives and 3 in the Legislative Assembly, marking a significant step toward political participation in governance.
  • Devishankar Tiwadi’s Role (1946): He became the first non-government minister in a princely state, symbolizing a shift toward a more inclusive and democratic governance structure.
• Formation of Cabinet (1948):
  • Key Members:
    • Diwan: V.T. Krishnamachari
    • Chief Secretary: Hiralal Shastri
    • Secretary: Daulatmal Bhandari
    • Devishankar Tiwadi and Tikaram Paliwal: Key figures in the cabinet.
  • Duration: This cabinet continued functioning until the formation of Greater Rajasthan, contributing to the transition from princely rule to a more unified state governance.

Key Personalities Associated with Jaipur Prajamandal

Jamnalal Bajaj

• Background: Born in Kashi ka Bas (Sikar) and served as the treasurer of the Indian National Congress.
• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): He returned the title “Raibahadur” bestowed by the British as a gesture of defiance during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Financial Contributions: Donated Rs. 1 lakh to the Tilak Swaraj Fund and Rs. 11,000 to Aligarh Muslim University, supporting the freedom struggle.
• Charkha Sangha (1926): Founded the Charkha Sangha in Amarsar (Jaipur) with Balwant Savlaram Deshpande to promote Khadi and self-reliance.
• Gandhiji’s “Fifth Son”: He was affectionately called Mahatma Gandhi’s “fifth son” due to his close association and unwavering support for Gandhian ideals.

Hiralal Shastri

• Jaipur Hitkarini Sabha: Established to promote social welfare and awareness in Jaipur.
• Jeevan Kutir (1927): Founded in Nivai (Tonk) and later evolved into the Vanasthali Vidyapeeth in 1935, focusing on the education of girls and known for its fivefold education model.
• Literary Contributions: Authored the autobiography “Prabhu Jeevashastra” and wrote the song “Pralaya Pratiksha Namo Namo.”

Tikaram Paliwal

• Vidyarthi Youth League: Founded this organization to inspire and engage the youth in the freedom struggle.

Janaki Devi Bajaj

• Background: Born in 1893 in Javra, Madhya Pradesh, to Seth Girdhari Lal Jajodia of Laxmangarh. She married Jamnalal Bajaj in 1902 and lived in Wardha with him.
• Role in Prajamandal: Served as the President of Jaipur Prajamandal in 1944, continuing her active involvement in social and political movements.
• Bhudan Movement: Actively supported the Bhudan movement, advocating for land redistribution.
• Gau Seva Sangh: Served as President, supporting initiatives for cow protection and community service.
• Awards: In 1956, she was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, making her the first Rajasthani woman to receive this honor.

Ratan Shastri

• Birth and Background: Ratan Shastri was born on 15 October 1912 in Khachrod, Madhya Pradesh, to Raghunathji Vyas. She later married Hiralal Shastri, a prominent Gandhian leader and president of Jaipur Prajamandal.
• Role in Jaipur Prajamandal: Ratan Shastri was actively involved in the activities of Jaipur Prajamandal, particularly during the Satyagraha movements of 1939 and 1942. Her contributions included providing support and care to the families of those imprisoned during the Quit India Movement.
• Awards: In 1955, Ratan Shastri became the first Rajasthani woman to receive the Padma Shri for her social and political contributions. She was later honored with the Padma Bhushan in 1975 for her continued dedication to public service and social reform.

Devishankar Tiwadi

• Leadership Role: Devishankar Tiwadi served as the Chairman of the Jaipur Prajamandal, contributing significantly to its organizational growth and strategic direction.
• Publication: In 1943, he published a newspaper named Lokvani in memory of Jamnalal Bajaj, aiming to promote social and political awareness among the people of Rajasthan and further the ideals of the freedom struggle.

Shyamlal Verma

• Publications and Movements:
  • Newspaper Jayabhoomi: In 1940, he published Jayabhoomi, a newspaper that played a role in promoting nationalist ideals and the fight against British rule in Rajasthan.
  • Hindi Raj Bhasha Movement: Collaborated with Kalyan Singh to launch the Hindi Raj Bhasha movement, advocating for the use of Hindi as a national language.
  • Jaipur Samachar: In 1942, Verma also published Jaipur Samachar, which focused on the political developments and social issues in Rajasthan.

Gulabchand Kala

• Publication of Jayabhoomi: Gulabchand Kala was involved in the publication of Jayabhoomi in 1940 AD, supporting the dissemination of nationalist ideas and the push for self-rule in the princely states of Rajasthan.

Siddharaj Dhandha

• Sarvodaya Leadership: Known as a Sarvodaya (universal upliftment) leader in Jaipur, Siddharaj Dhandha founded the Sarva Seva Sangh, focusing on promoting social welfare and Gandhian principles.

Ramadevi

• Early Life and Background: Born in Jaipur to Vaidya Ganga Sahay, Ramadevi was widowed at the young age of 11. She later remarried Laduram Joshi, a Gandhian leader and former president of Jaipur Prajamandal.
• Role in Rajasthan Seva Sangh: Ramadevi was actively involved in the activities of the Rajasthan Seva Sangh, a social organization focused on addressing the grievances of the people, particularly in agrarian communities.
• Bijolia Peasant Movement: She was a prominent figure during the Bijolia peasant movement, where she stood up against oppressive practices. Despite being arrested, she declared, “Till the atrocities on the farmers stop, she will keep coming here,” showcasing her determination to support the farmers.
• Participation in Movements: Ramadevi also actively participated in the Satyagraha and civil disobedience movements in 1930 and 1932, enduring imprisonment for her unwavering commitment to the cause of freedom.

Chiranji Lal Aggarwal

• Founder of the Prajamandal Progressive Party: Chiranji Lal Aggarwal established the Prajamandal Progressive Party, aiming to foster political awareness and promote the cause of responsible governance in the princely states.

MARWAR PRAJAMANDAL AND ASSOCIATED MOVEMENTS

MARWAR SEVA SANGH (1920 AD)

Founder: Jaynarayan Vyas

Leadership: Durgashankar served as President, with Prayagraj Bhandari as Minister.

Taul Movement: The Marwar Seva Sangh supported the Taul movement, a local socio-political initiative to address grievances in the Marwar region.

MARWAR HITKARINI SABHA (1918 AD)

Founder: Chandmal Surana; reorganized by Jaynarayan Vyas in 1923.

Key Movements:

• Protection of Female Animals: Protested against the evacuation and mistreatment of female animals, highlighting social and economic concerns.
• Marwarisation of Jobs: Demanded the prioritization of local Marwari residents for employment opportunities.
• Movement Against Export of Food Grains: Opposed the export of food grains from Marwar during periods of local scarcity, focusing on food security for the region.

MARWAR PRINCELY STATE PEOPLE’S CONFERENCE (1929 AD)

Founder: Jaynarayan Vyas

First Session: Initially prohibited in Jodhpur (11-12 October 1929), resulting in the arrest of key leaders like Jaynarayan Vyas, Anandraj Surana, and Bhanwarlal Sarraf, who were tried in a special court in Nagaur.

Pushkar Session: The first session took place in Pushkar (24-25 November 1931), presided over by Chandkaran Sharda. Prominent figures like Kasturba Gandhi, Kaka Kalelkar, and Manilal Kothari participated, with 22 resolutions being passed.

MARWAR YOUTH LEAGUE (10 MAY 1931 AD)

Founder: Jaynarayan Vyas

Leadership: Bhimraj Purohit served as President, and Manmal Jain as Minister. The league mobilized youth for political activism in Marwar.

BAL BHARAT SABHA (1931 AD)

Leadership: Chhaganraj Chaupasniwala served as Minister and famously hoisted the Indian flag in Jodhpur on 26 January 1932, symbolizing the demand for self-rule.

MARWAR PRAJAMANDAL (1934 AD)

President: Bhanwarlal Sarraf

Objective: Focused on establishing responsible governance and safeguarding civil rights in Marwar, aligning with the broader movement for democratic reforms in Rajasthan.

CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION (1936 AD)

Supplementary to Congress: The organization worked in alignment with the Congress to promote civil liberties in Marwar.

Leader: Ranchhod Das Gattani played a key role in its activities.

MARWAR LOK PARISHAD (16 MAY 1938 AD)

Founder: Ranchhod Das Gattani aimed to address political and social issues in Marwar through this organization.

SHRI RAJBHAKT DESH HITKARINI SABHA (20 MAY 1938 AD)

Founder: Vakeel Ganeshdas Bohra; focused on social upliftment and promoting nationalist ideals in Marwar.

QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT IN MARWAR (1942 AD)

House Arrests: Key leaders like Jaynarayan Vyas were placed under house arrest at Sivana Fort, while others were detained at Jalore Fort, reflecting the princely state’s attempt to suppress participation in the Quit India Movement.

Major Leaders’ Visits to Jodhpur

• 1936 AD: Pattabhi Sitaramaiya and Bhulabhai Desai visited.
• 1938 AD: Subhash Chandra Bose and Vijayalakshmi Pandit made significant visits.
• 1940 AD: Pandit Dwarkanath Kachru and Sri Sarangadhar Vyas visited.
• 1945 AD: Jawaharlal Nehru visited Jodhpur, bolstering the freedom movement in the region.

Significant Days and Movements

• Motilal Day: Celebrated on 5 April 1931, marking the release of Motilal Tejawat in the princely state of Jaipur.
• Major Events:
  • Chandaval Incident (28 March 1942 AD): A notable event during the Quit India Movement.
  • Dabra Scandal (13 March 1947 AD): Highlighted political struggles in the region leading up to independence.

Revolutionary Organizations and Literature

• Marwar Kranti Sangh: Founded by Lalchand Jain, this organization played a role in the revolutionary activities during the Quit India Movement.
• Notable Books:
  • State of Marwar
  • Popabai’s Pole
  • Maarch se Sangharsh Kyoon
  • Gareebon Kee Aavaaj—literature that reflected the social and political conditions of Marwar during the struggle for independence.

The socio-political awakening in Rajasthan, particularly through the efforts of Jaipur and Marwar Prajamandals, was marked by the active participation of leaders like Jamnalal Bajaj, Hiralal Shastri, and Jaynarayan Vyas. The region saw significant movements aimed at responsible governance, civil rights, and alignment with the broader freedom struggle. Efforts like the Quit India Movement and the establishment of progressive organizations, coupled with the contributions of key figures like Ratan Shastri, Devishankar Tiwadi, and Ramadevi, shaped Rajasthan’s role in India’s journey to independence. The involvement of youth and women’s leadership in these movements highlighted the region’s commitment to political and social reform, setting the foundation for democratic governance in Rajasthan.

BIKANER PRAJAMANDAL (1936 AD)

Sarvhitakarini Sabha (Churu): Founded in 1907 AD by Kanhaiyalal Dhundha and Swami Gopaldas, this organization aimed at social upliftment through educational initiatives such as the Kabir Pathshala for Dalits and the Putri Pathshala for girls.

Significant Event: On 26 January 1930 AD, Swami Gopaldas and Chandanmal Bahad raised the tricolor flag on the Dharma Stupa in Churu, demonstrating a strong stand for independence.

Second Round Table Conference (1931 AD): During Maharaja Ganga Singh’s visit to London for the conference, a pamphlet named Bikaner Digdarshan was distributed by Seth Amritlal and P.L. Chudigar, highlighting grievances against the Maharaja’s rule.

Bikaner Conspiracy Case (1932-34 AD)

• Arrested Activists: Following the distribution of Bikaner Digdarshan, four activists were detained:
  • Chandanmal Bahad
  • Swami Gopaldas
  • Satyanarayana Saraf
  • Khubaram Saraf

Formation of Bikaner Prajamandal

• Founded: In 1936 AD, Vaidya Madharam established the Bikaner Prajamandal in Calcutta, with supporters like Raghudayal Goyal, Babu Mukta Prasad, and Lakshmi Devi Acharya.
• Bikaner State Public Council: Established by Raghuvar Dayal Goyal on 22 July 1942, focusing on public representation and addressing issues faced by the people.
• Notable Days Celebrated:
  • Bikaner Anti-Daman Day: 26 October 1944 AD.
  • Netaji Day: 23 January 1946 AD.
  • Independence Day: Celebrated on 26 January 1946 AD, emphasizing the demand for complete independence.
• Birbal Incident (1 July 1946 AD): During a procession of Prajaparishad in Raisingh Nagar (Ganganagar), police fired on the gathering, resulting in the martyrdom of a young man named Birbal. The princely state commemorated Birbal Day on 17 July 1946. The Jaisalmer branch of the Indira Gandhi Canal is also known as the Birbal Branch. The All India Princely State People’s Council set up an inquiry committee to investigate the incident, with members including Hiralal Shastri, Gokul Bhai Bhatt, and Raghuvar Dayal Goyal.

Peasant Movements in Bikaner

1. Udrasar Kisan Andolan (1937 AD): Led by Jeevan Ram Chaudhary, this movement sought to address the grievances of peasants in the region.
2. Mahajan Kisan Andolan (1938 AD): Focused on the first-class tikhana of Mahajan, this movement extended to the Pugal and Kumbhana regions, addressing peasants’ issues.
3. Dudhwa Khara Kisan Movement (1944 AD): Led by Hanuman Singh Arya, who met the Maharaja of Bikaner to resolve the issues of high land revenue and exploitation but faced repeated arrests and even undertook a 65-day hunger strike. Vaidya Magharam was also arrested during this agitation.
4. Khara Kisan Andolan (1946 AD): Led by Meghsingh Arya, this movement continued the struggle for peasants’ rights in the Churu region.
5. Gang Canal Farmers Movement (1930-31 AD): This movement by the farmers of the Khalsa region of Bikaner focused on protesting against high land revenue, exorbitant irrigation taxes, and interest on installments. The farmers formed the Zamindara Union to consolidate their efforts, led by Darbar Singh and Kartar Singh.

DHOLPUR PRAJAMANDAL (1936 AD)

Founders: Jwala Prasad Jigyasu and Yamuna Prasad.

Achaar Sudhanini Sabha (1910 AD): Established to promote social reforms.

Nagari Pracharini Sabha (1934 AD): Founded by Jwala Prasad Jigyasu and Johari Lal Indu to promote the Hindi language.

Prajamandal Formation: In 1936 AD, Krishnadatta Paliwal and Jwala Prasad Jigyasu founded the Dholpur Prajamandal, inspired by Swami Shraddhanand Saraswati, a leader of the Arya Samaj.

Tasimo Incident (11 April 1947 AD): Police fired upon a Prajamandal assembly, resulting in the martyrdom of Pancham Singh and Chhatar Singh, intensifying the struggle for independence in the region.

MEWAR PRAJAMANDAL (1938 AD)

Participation in Haripura Congress: Amritlal Sukhwal and Bhawani Shankar represented Mewar in the February 1938 session of the Indian National Congress at Haripura.

Establishment of Mewar Prajamandal: Formed on 24 April 1938 at Balwant Singh Mehta’s house (Sahitya Kutir) with the following leaders:

• President: Balwant Singh Mehta
• Vice President: Bhurelal Baya
• General Minister: Manikya Lal Verma

Illegality and Satyagraha: The princely state declared the Prajamandal illegal, leading to its operations being moved to Ajmer. Manikya Lal Verma authored Present Rule of Mewar, criticizing the state’s governance.

Key Incidents:

• House Arrest of Bhurelal Baya: Held at Sarada Fort due to his activities.
• Satyagraha Movement: Initiated on Vijayadashami (4 October 1938), with Ramesh Chandra Vyas of Bhilwara being the first Satyagrahi.
• Women’s Participation: Verma’s wife, Narayani Devi, along with their daughter Snehlata and Bhagwati Devi (wife of Pyarechand Bishnoi), were imprisoned for their involvement.
• Criticism by Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi criticized the Mewar state’s treatment of Verma in the Harijan newspaper.
• Postponement of Satyagraha (3 March 1939 AD): Gandhiji advised a temporary halt to the Satyagraha, leading to the release of detained activists.
• Victory over Forced Labor: Under Verma’s leadership, the Prajamandal achieved a significant victory by ending the practice of forced labor in Mewar.

First Session of Mewar Prajamandal

• Date & Location: 25-26 November 1941 AD in Udaipur.
• President: Manikya Lal Verma
• Inauguration: J.B. Kripalani, with Vijay Laxmi Pandit inaugurating a Khadi exhibition, showcasing a commitment to self-reliance and independence.
• Participation in Quit India Movement: Verma attended the Bombay session of Congress on 8 August 1942, advocating for the Quit India Movement. On 20 August 1942, Prajamandal gave the Maharana a 24-hour ultimatum to sever ties with the British, leading to arrests of activists.

Legislative Committee Formation

• Formation: A committee of 11 members, led by Thakur Gopal Singh, was formed on 8 May 1946 to recommend the establishment of a Constituent Assembly, though the proposal was rejected by the state.
• Executive Council Members: Mohanlal Sukhadia and Hiralal Kothari joined the Executive Council in October 1946.

Mewar’s Constitutional Developments (1947)

• Constitution Announcement: On 3 March 1947 AD, a new constitution for Mewar was introduced, proposing a section assembly of 46 members. However, the executive branch remained unaccountable to the Legislative Assembly, leading to its rejection by the Prajamandal.
• Political Changes: Manohar Singh Bedla replaced Raghavachari as Prime Minister, with K.M. Munshi as the legal advisor, though the Prajamandal initially resisted the proposed constitution.
• Acceptance and Elections: Upon advice from Diwan S.B. Ramamurthy, Mohan Singh Mehta amended the constitution, which the Prajamandal accepted, participating in subsequent elections.

Other Centers of Mewar Prajamandal

• Bhilwara: Ramesh Chandra Vyas led the movement.
• Nathdwara: Key leaders included Narendra Pal Singh and Professor Narayan Das.

The political movements in Bikaner, Dholpur, and Mewar were marked by significant efforts to achieve responsible governance and civil rights within Rajasthan’s princely states. The Bikaner Prajamandal, alongside other regional movements, played a crucial role in resisting oppressive policies and advocating for the rights of peasants and commoners. In Mewar, under the leadership of figures like Manikya Lal Verma and Bhurelal Baya, the Prajamandal movement took a strong stance against autocratic rule, leading to notable victories such as the abolition of forced labor. The events during the Quit India Movement and the establishment of legislative frameworks laid the foundation for democratic governance, contributing to the broader struggle for India’s independence. These regional movements reflected the courage and resilience of Rajasthan’s people and their leaders in the face of oppression, setting the stage for the integration of princely states into a free and democratic India.

BHARATPUR PRAJAMANDAL

Maharaja Kishan Singh’s Rule (1918–1929 AD): His rule fostered political consciousness in Bharatpur due to several progressive reforms:

• Establishment of Autonomous Institutions: Initiated in villages and towns, providing more localized governance.
• Promotion of Hindi: Elevated Hindi to the status of the official language.
• 17th All India Hindi Sahitya Sammelan (1927 AD): Hosted in Bharatpur, chaired by Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, with prominent figures like Tagore, Madan Mohan Malaviya, and Jamnalal Bajaj participating.
• Purification Movement: Supported by Maharaja Kishan Singh, Thakur Deshraj, Revathisharan Sharma, and Sawantmal Chaturvedi, this movement aimed to reform social practices.
• Acceptance of Responsible Rule: On 15 September 1927, Maharaja Kishan Singh accepted a more accountable form of governance. However, the British removed him from power, appointing Brijendra Singh as ruler, with Diwan McKenzie assuming governmental authority.

HINDI SAHITYA SAMITI (1912 AD)

Founders:

• Jagannath Das Adhikari (Published the newspaper Vaibhav in 1920 AD from Delhi.)
• Ganga Prasad Shastri

BHARATPUR RAJYA PRAJA SANGH (NOVEMBER 1928 AD)

President: Gopilal Yadav

Secretary: Deshraj

Role: The organization played a key role in calling for a session of the Rajputana Provincial Native State Public Council in Bharatpur, which led to Deshraj’s arrest.

BHARATPUR CONGRESS MANDAL (SEPTEMBER 1937 AD)

Founded with Nehru’s Inspiration: Gokulchand Verma and Gorishankar Mittal established the Bharatpur Congress Mandal to align with the broader Indian freedom movement.

BHARATPUR PRAJAMANDAL (4 MARCH 1938 AD)

Establishment Location: Founded at the home of Jugalkishore Chaturvedi in Rewari.

Founders: Kishanlal Joshi, Gopilal Yadav, Jugal Kishor Chaturvedi, Master Aadityendra, and Master Fakeer Chand.

Key Events:

• National Week (27 August – 2 September 1940 AD): Aimed at promoting nationalist sentiment.
• Registration: On 23 December 1940 AD, the organization was officially registered as Prajaparishad.
• Braj Jaya Representative Committee (1942 AD): Formed with 50 members to represent the interests of the region.
• Constitution-Making Committee (3 October 1947 AD): A meeting at Laxman Temple led to the formation of a committee comprising 11 members, including four public representatives: Master Adityendra, Gopilal Yadav, Thakur Deshraj, and Haridatt Sharma.

Pattabhi Sitaramayya’s Statement: “The feudal era has come to an end, democracy has emerged, now the people will rule,” reflecting the shift towards democratic governance.

Major Sessions

• First Session: Held in Bharatpur under the leadership of Jaynarayan Vyas, focusing on the demand for responsible governance.
• Special Session (28-30 September 1941 AD): Attended by Hiralal Shastri.
• Second Session (23-24 May 1945 AD, Bayana): Jaynarayan Vyas called for governance based on adult suffrage. Kanhaiyalal Advocate and Mohanlal Sukhadia also attended.
• Student and Women’s Conferences (23 May 1945 AD): Satyadev Vidyalankar presided over the student conference, while Basanti Devi led the women’s conference.
• Third Session (17-18 December 1946 AD, Kaman): Attended by leaders such as Pattabhi Sitaramaiya, Krishnadatta Paliwal, Hafiz ur Rehman, and Zia ul Hasan.

Major Political Conferences

• East Rajasthan Political Conference (21-22 November 1938 AD, Fatehpur Sikri): Chaired by M.N. Roy, this conference led to the formation of the Eastern Rajputana State Council Committee, with its office set up in Agra. Bihari Lal Modi served as the secretary of the 15-member committee.
• First Political Conference of Praja Parishad (20-21 March 1941 AD, Brahmabad): Master Adityendra presided, with Saraswati Bohra leading the Mahila Sabha.
• Second Political Conference (18-19 June 1944 AD, Kumher): Vidya Virat Shastri led the conference, while Master Bholanath inaugurated a Khadi exhibition, promoting self-reliance through Khadi.

Significant Days Celebrated

• Victory of Japan Day (16-17 August 1945 AD): Celebrated under the leadership of the Bharatpur Maharaja.
• Indonesia Day (28 October 1945 AD): Observed near Laxman Temple under Basantlal Verma’s leadership.
• Bharatpur Rajya Praja Parishad Day (25 December 1944 AD).
• Suppression Day (11 July 1945 AD).
• Liberation Day (9 August 1945 AD).
• Raj Bahadur Day (9 November 1945 AD).
• Bharatpur Day (28 January 1947 AD): Celebrated across the princely states of Rajasthan.
• Anti-forced Day (5 February 1947 AD): During this observance, Ramesh Swami tragically died after being crushed by a bus in Bhusawar.

ALWAR PRAJAMANDAL (1938 AD)

Founder: Harinarayan Sharma.

First Session (1944 AD): Presided over by Bhavani Shankar Sharma.

Non-Participation in Quit India Movement: The Alwar Prajamandal strategically chose not to participate in the movement.

Other Organizations by Harinarayan Sharma:

• Tribal Association: Aimed at improving conditions for tribal communities.
• Valmiki Union: Focused on the upliftment of marginalized communities.
• Untouchability Prevention Association: Worked towards eradicating social discrimination.

KARAULI PRAJAMANDAL (1938 AD)

Founders: Trilok Chand Mathur, Chiranji Lal Sharma, and Kunwar Madan Singh, who led the 1927 peasant movement advocating for the abolition of forced labor and the establishment of Hindi as the official language.

KOTA PRAJAMANDAL (1939 AD)

Founders: Nayanuram Sharma and Abhinaya Hari.

First Session (1939 AD, Mangrol, Barra): Chaired by Nayanuram Sharma, with Seth Motilal overseeing the welcoming arrangements.

Second Conference (1940 AD, Kota): Chaired by Pandit Abhinaya Hari, with participation from Vijay Singh Pathik.

Role in Quit India Movement: Led by Motilal Jain, Prajamandal workers took control of the city administration of Kota, with college students capturing the Rampura police station.

KISHANGARH PRAJAMANDAL (1939 AD)

Founders: Kranti Chand Chaithani and Zaman Shah.

SIROHI PRAJAMANDAL (1939 AD)

Founders: Gokul Bhai Bhatt (known as the “Gandhi of Rajasthan”) and Vikas Shankar Trivedi.

Establishment Location: Founded in Bombay to coordinate activities for the Sirohi region.

KUSHALGARH PRAJAMANDAL (1942 AD)

Founder: Bhanwar Lal Nigam.

BANSWADA PRAJAMANDAL (1943 AD)

Founders: Bhupendra Nath Trivedi (published the newspaper Sangram from Bombay), Manishankar Nagar, and Dhoop Ji Bhai Bhavasar.

Mahila Mandal: Established by Vijaya Bahn Bhavasar to empower women.

DUNGARPUR PRAJAMANDAL (1944 AD)

Founders: Bhogilal Pandya (known as the “Gandhi of Bagd”), Haridev Joshi, and Ghorishankar Upadhyay (published Sevak newspaper).

Founded on: 1 August 1944, marking the death anniversary of Tilak.

Rastapal Incident (19 June 1947 AD): Teacher Nanabhai and Bhil girl Kali Bai were martyred. Their statues have been installed near Gebsagar Talab in Dungarpur. The Kalibai Award is given for contributions to girl child education.

POONAWADA INCIDENT (MAY 1947 AD)

Details: Teacher Shivram Bhil was injured in this incident during a demonstration.

PRATAPGARH PRAJAMANDAL (1945 AD)

Founders: Amritlal Payak, Chunni Lal Prabhakar, and Thakkar Bapa.

JAISALMER PRAJAMANDAL (1945 AD)

Founder: Meetha Lal Vyas in Jodhpur.

Maheshwari Youth Council: Founded by Raghunath Singh.

First Newspaper: Vijay, established in 1920 AD.

JHALAWAR PRAJAMANDAL (1946 AD)

Founder: Mangilal Bhavya.

Leadership: Responsible governance was established under the leadership of Rajrana Harishchandra, who was lauded by H.K. Mangalani.

The establishment of Prajamandals across Rajasthan, such as in Bharatpur, Alwar, and other regions, marked a significant phase of political awakening and resistance against the princely states’ autocratic rule. Leaders like Maharaja Kishan Singh, Harinarayan Sharma, and many others played vital roles in promoting democratic values and social reform. The various movements, sessions, and celebrations organized by the Prajamandals reflected the aspirations of the people for responsible governance and their alignment with the national freedom struggle. The sacrifices made during events like the Rastapal Incident and the establishment of institutions like the Mahila Mandal further underscored the region’s commitment to social justice and independence, setting the groundwork for Rajasthan’s integration into a democratic India.